BACTERIA ______________: single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus

Bacterial Kingdoms (formerly Monerans) Divided into TWO Kingdoms- ________________- “ancient bacteria” ________________- “good/true bacteria”

ARCHAEBACTERIA Characteristics Most live in ___________________________ Cell wall does _____ contain _____________ DNA sequence similar to ________________ (possible ancestor?)

Types of Archaebacteria EXTREMOPHILES Methanogens- produce _________ Halophiles- live in ________ conditions Thermophiles- live in high ____________ Etc.

EUBACTERIA Live ______________________________ Cell wall contains ___________________ Wide array of characteristics

Types of Eubacteria ____________: cell wall mainly peptidoglycan Appear ____________ when stained ____________: cell wall of _______ peptidoglycan with second layer of lipids and carbohydrates

How are bacteria identified? Shape: Bacilli- _______ Cocci- _______ Spirilla- ______ *Strepto- ________ *Staphylo- _______

How are bacteria identified? Cell Walls Is peptidoglycans present? Yes- ______________________ No- _______________________

How are bacteria identified? Movement Some have ____________________ Some glide, spiral, etc. Others don’t move on own

How are bacteria identified? Energy obtaining methods _____________________- make own food _____________________- use light _____________________- use inorganic materials _____________________- take in food _____________________- need light and a nutrient source

How bacteria are identified? Energy releasing processes: Cellular respiration: requires Oxygen (__________________________) Fermentation: no Oxygen used (___________________________) Some can survive with or without oxygen (___________________________)

How are bacteria identified? Reproduction & Growth: ____________________- double in size, replicates DNA, splits into two (asexual)

Reproduction cont’d ________________________- bridge forms between two cells and genes are transferred Conjugation _____________________- thick wall around DNA can remain dormant until conditions are favorable

VIRUSES Virus- Latin for “_______________” Smaller than bacteria ___________ living!

Structure of a Virus Infectious agent made up of a core of ______________(DNA or RNA) and a _______________(capsid)

Why not living? Viruses can’t ___________ on their own- they must use a host’s cells Not made of ___________ Cannot maintain _________________

Replication (Reproduction) 2 Types of Replication: __________ Cycle

Lytic Cycle Virus enters the cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst

Steps of Lytic Cycle Virus attacks cell and ___________________ DNA forms a circle

Steps of Lytic Cycle cont’d Viral DNA commands host cell to make __________________

Lytic Cycle Steps cont’d Cell _____________ and releases viruses to invade more cells *Symptoms of disease show

Lysogenic Cycle Virus embeds its DNA into the host’s DNA, both DNAs are replicated ________________- viral DNA that is embedded into host’s DNA *Symptoms of disease do not show at this time

Types of Viruses _____________- virus that infects bacteria

Types of Viruses- cont’d _____________- contain RNA as genetic code (HIV & AIDS, some cancer) _________________- cause cancer in animals (disrupt controls over cell growth) RNA

Not quite a virus, but… ___________- “protein infectious particles” Act like a virus, but… Do not contain any ________, only ________ Usually only affects _______________ ___________- Has ________, but no ___________ Usually only affects _________________

Protection from viruses- HOW? PREVENTION! Good hygiene ______________- weakened or “killed” viruses or viral particle Inject into body to build up immunity