1. Chapter 18: Viruses and Prokaryotes

2. Section One: Studying Viruses and Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Pathogen: any living organism or particle that can cause an infectious disease
Living
Virus
An infectious particle made only of a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
Non living
Cannot be targeted by antibiotics
Cannot reproduce by themselves
Rely on living cells to reproduce and make proteins

3. Section Two: Viral Structure and Reproduction
Capsid: a protein shell that holds the genetic material of the virus (sometimes surrounded by a lipid envelope)
Bacteriophage: virus that infects bacteria

4. Section Two: Viral Structure and Reproduction
Virus Reproduction
Happens through host cell infection
Lytic
an infection pathway in which the host cell bursts, releasing the viral offspring into the host’s system, where each then infects a new cell
Lysogenic
A phage combines its DNA into the host cell’s DNA, then divides the host cell so that its DNA is passed on
Can enter the lytic cycle or continue dividing

5. Section Two: Viral Structure and Reproduction

6. Section Three: Viral Diseases
Vaccines
A substance that stimulates the body’s own immune response against the invasion of microbes (bacteria or viruses)
Made from weakened or dead bacteria and viruses

7. Section Four: Bacteria and Archae
Have plasmids
Move by flagella: long, whip like tail used for movement
Have cell wall
Bacteria: have peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Archae: have lipids in their cell wall
Both can reproduce through conjugation: exchange of parts of chromosomes through a bridge of pill formed by contact of two or more cells

8. Section Six: Antibiotic Resistance
Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics
Caused by inappropriate or incomplete use of antibiotics
Resistance occurs through natural selection
Those that survive being partially treated by antibiotics or are have genes that make them resistant pass on their genes and resistance