II The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment and the Philosophes II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes

II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes a. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century philosophical movement built off the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes a. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century philosophical movement built off the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. b. The Enlightenment philosophers, called philosophes, hoped to make a better society by applying scientific method and reason to social problems. They discussed reason, natural law, hope and progress.

II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes a. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century philosophical movement built off the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. b. The Enlightenment philosophers, called philosophes, hoped to make a better society by applying scientific method and reason to social problems. They discussed reason, natural law, hope and progress. c. Philosophes thought that society was governed by natural law just as Isaac Newton believed .

The Enlightenment and the Philosophes II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes

II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes d. John Locke’s theory of knowledge greatly influenced the philosophes. He argued that people are born with minds that are blank slates (tabula rasa).

II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes d. John Locke’s theory of knowledge greatly influenced the philosophes. He argued that people are born with minds that are blank slates (tabula rasa). e. Knowledge comes to man through the use of his five senses. This meant that the right influences could create a new kind of society by creating a new understanding of the world.

II The Enlightenment The Enlightenment and the Philosophes d. John Locke’s theory of knowledge greatly influenced the philosophes. He argued that people are born with minds that are blank slates (tabula rasa). e. Knowledge comes to man through the use of his five senses. This meant that the right influences could create a new kind of society by creating a new understanding of the world. f. Enlightenment Thinkers hoped to discover with scientific method the laws that all institutions should follow to produce the ideal society.

II The Enlightenment Question: How is John Locke’s theory of learning different from Socrates’ beliefs about learning? Pause for discussion Socrates John Locke

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment 1. Voltaire

II The Enlightenment 1. Voltaire a. The greatest figure of the Enlightenment was the writer Francois-Marie Arouet, a.k.a. Voltaire. He wrote pamphlets, plays, novels, letters, essays and histories.

II The Enlightenment 1. Voltaire a. The greatest figure of the Enlightenment was the writer Francois-Marie Arouet, a.k.a. Voltaire. He wrote pamphlets, plays, novels, letters, essays and histories. b. Voltaire was best known for his criticism of Christianity and his belief in religious toleration. He championed deism, an eighteenth-century philosophy based on reason and natural law.

II The Enlightenment 1. Voltaire a. The greatest figure of the Enlightenment was the writer Francois-Marie Arouet, a.k.a. Voltaire. He wrote pamphlets, plays, novels, letters, essays and histories. b. Voltaire was best known for his criticism of Christianity and his belief in religious toleration. He championed deism, an eighteenth-century philosophy based on reason and natural law. c. Deists believed the world was like a clock created by God and set to run without his intervention.

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment 2. Montesquieu

II The Enlightenment 2. Montesquieu a. Clarles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu, studied governments to find the natural laws governing political relationships.

II The Enlightenment 2. Montesquieu a. Clarles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu, studied governments to find the natural laws governing political relationships. b. He published his ideas in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). He identified three types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies.

II The Enlightenment 2. Montesquieu a. Clarles-Louis de Secondat, the Baron de Montesquieu, studied governments to find the natural laws governing political relationships. b. He published his ideas in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). He identified three types of governments: republics, despotism, and monarchies. c. He argued that a government functioned through a separation of powers controlled by checks and balances. This structure gives the greatest freedom and security for the state.

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment d. Montesquieu’s ideas influenced the American framers of the U.S. Constitution

II The Enlightenment d. Montesquieu’s ideas influenced the American framers of the U.S. Constitution 3. Rousseau

II The Enlightenment d. Montesquieu’s ideas influenced the American framers of the U.S. Constitution 3. Rousseau a. In the 1760’s Jean-Jacques Rousseau became famous for his Discourse on the Origins of the Inequalities of Mankind.

II The Enlightenment d. Montesquieu’s ideas influenced the American framers of the U.S. Constitution 3. Rousseau a. In the 1760’s Jean-Jacques Rousseau became famous for his Discourse on the Origins of the Inequalities of Mankind. i. People formed governments and laws to protect private property, but the government relationship enslaved them.

II The Enlightenment d. Montesquieu’s ideas influenced the American framers of the U.S. Constitution 3. Rousseau a. In the 1760’s Jean-Jacques Rousseau became famous for his Discourse on the Origins of the Inequalities of Mankind. i. People formed governments and laws to protect private property, but the government relationship enslaved them. ii. In The Social Contract (1762) he presented the idea of a social contract.

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment iii. Members of a society agree to be governed by the general will, which represents what is best for society as a whole.

II The Enlightenment iii. Members of a society agree to be governed by the general will, which represents what is best for society as a whole. b. In his novel Emile, Rousseau argued that education should nurture, not restrict, children’s natural instincts. Unlike many philosophes, he believed that emotions, as well as reason, were important to human development.

II The Enlightenment iii. Members of a society agree to be governed by the general will, which represents what is best for society as a whole. b. In his novel Emile, Rousseau argued that education should nurture, not restrict, children’s natural instincts. Unlike many philosophes, he believed that emotions, as well as reason, were important to human development. c. Critics have accused Rousseau of not practicing what he preached. His children were sent to orphanages and he felt women were subservient

II The Enlightenment

Towards a New Social Science II The Enlightenment Towards a New Social Science

II The Enlightenment Towards a New Social Science a. The Enlightenment belief that the methods of the Scientific Revolution (Observation and Reason) could discover the natural laws of society;

II The Enlightenment Towards a New Social Science a. The Enlightenment belief that the methods of the Scientific Revolution (Observation and Reason) could discover the natural laws of society; b. This led to the creation of what we call the social sciences, such as economics and political science.

II The Enlightenment Towards a New Social Science a. The Enlightenment belief that the methods of the Scientific Revolution (Observation and Reason) could discover the natural laws of society; b. This led to the creation of what we call the social sciences, such as economics and political science. c. French Physiocrats and Scottish Philosophe, Adam Smith, founded modern economics. They believed if people were free to pursue their economic self-interest, all society would benefit.

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment d. They developed the doctrine of laissez- faire, (“To let [people] do [what they want]”), which argued that the government should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations.

II The Enlightenment d. They developed the doctrine of laissez- faire, (“To let [people] do [what they want]”), which argued that the government should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations. e. In his book, Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith said the government had only three legitimate functions:

II The Enlightenment d. They developed the doctrine of laissez- faire, (“To let [people] do [what they want]”), which argued that the government should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations. e. In his book, Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith said the government had only three legitimate functions: protecting society from invasion (army)

II The Enlightenment d. They developed the doctrine of laissez- faire, (“To let [people] do [what they want]”), which argued that the government should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations. e. In his book, Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith said the government had only three legitimate functions: protecting society from invasion (army) defending citizens from injustice (police)

II The Enlightenment d. They developed the doctrine of laissez- faire, (“To let [people] do [what they want]”), which argued that the government should not interfere with natural economic processes by imposing regulations. e. In his book, Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith said the government had only three legitimate functions: protecting society from invasion (army) defending citizens from injustice (police) maintaining public works like roads and canals that private individuals could not afford

II The Enlightenment

If yes, what are they and why are they important? II The Enlightenment Question: Do you think Adam Smith left anything out of his “functions” of Government? If yes, what are they and why are they important? Pause for Discussion

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment f. For centuries punishments for crimes had often been quite cruel. One reason was that extreme punishment was necessary to deter crime in a time when the police force was too weak to ensure that criminals would be captured.

II The Enlightenment f. For centuries punishments for crimes had often been quite cruel. One reason was that extreme punishment was necessary to deter crime in a time when the police force was too weak to ensure that criminals would be captured. g. In 1764, Cesare Beccaria argued in his essay, On Crime and Punishments that punishment should not be exercises in brutality.

II The Enlightenment f. For centuries punishments for crimes had often been quite cruel. One reason was that extreme punishment was necessary to deter crime in a time when the police force was too weak to ensure that criminals would be captured. g. In 1764, Cesare Beccaria argued in his essay, On Crime and Punishments that punishment should not be exercises in brutality. h. He also argued against capital punishment, finding it absurd because the state murders to punish a murderer.

II The Enlightenment

What was the alternative to this kind of punishment? II The Enlightenment What was the alternative to this kind of punishment?

What was the alternative to this kind of punishment? REHABILITATION II The Enlightenment What was the alternative to this kind of punishment? REHABILITATION

REHABILITATION What was the alternative to this kind of punishment? II The Enlightenment What was the alternative to this kind of punishment? REHABILITATION Enlightenment philosophes felt that people can change and progress... Just as societies do.

II The Enlightenment

Spread of the Enlightenment II The Enlightenment Spread of the Enlightenment

Spread of the Enlightenment 1. Salons and the Growth of Reading II The Enlightenment Spread of the Enlightenment 1. Salons and the Growth of Reading

II The Enlightenment Spread of the Enlightenment 1. Salons and the Growth of Reading a. Enlightenment ideas were most known among the urban upper class. They spread throughout the literate elite.

II The Enlightenment Spread of the Enlightenment 1. Salons and the Growth of Reading a. Enlightenment ideas were most known among the urban upper class. They spread throughout the literate elite. b. Literacy and the availability of books were increasing greatly during the eighteenth century. Many titles were aimed at the new, middle-class reading public, including woman and urban artisans.

II The Enlightenment Spread of the Enlightenment 1. Salons and the Growth of Reading a. Enlightenment ideas were most known among the urban upper class. They spread throughout the literate elite. b. Literacy and the availability of books were increasing greatly during the eighteenth century. Many titles were aimed at the new, middle-class reading public, including woman and urban artisans. c. Denis Diderot contributed to this with his creation of the first Encyclopedia. (1751)

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment d. Many of Diderot’s articles attacked old French society and argued for religious toleration and social improvement to make society more humane.

II The Enlightenment d. Many of Diderot’s articles attacked old French society and argued for religious toleration and social improvement to make society more humane. e. The Encyclopedia (a.k.a. A Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades) helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.

II The Enlightenment d. Many of Diderot’s articles attacked old French society and argued for religious toleration and social improvement to make society more humane. e. The Encyclopedia (a.k.a. A Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades) helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. f. Magazines for the general public developed during this time. The daily newspaper did as well. The first was printed in London in 1702.

II The Enlightenment d. Many of Diderot’s articles attacked old French society and argued for religious toleration and social improvement to make society more humane. e. The Encyclopedia (a.k.a. A Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades) helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment. f. Magazines for the general public developed during this time. The daily newspaper did as well. The first was printed in London in 1702. g. Enlightenment ideas also spread at the salon, social gatherings in the homes of the wealthy.

II The Enlightenment

2. Women and the Enlightenment II The Enlightenment 2. Women and the Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment 2. Women and the Enlightenment a. Guests at the salons took part in conversations, often about the new philosophical ideas. Nobles, thinkers, artists, and government officials attended these salons.

II The Enlightenment 2. Women and the Enlightenment a. Guests at the salons took part in conversations, often about the new philosophical ideas. Nobles, thinkers, artists, and government officials attended these salons. b. The women who hosted them could sway political opinion and influence literary and artistic taste.

II The Enlightenment 2. Women and the Enlightenment a. Guests at the salons took part in conversations, often about the new philosophical ideas. Nobles, thinkers, artists, and government officials attended these salons. b. The women who hosted them could sway political opinion and influence literary and artistic taste. c. Mary Wollstonecraft is considered the founder of the European and American movement for women’s rights.

II The Enlightenment

II The Enlightenment d. She argued that women were as rational as men and as capable of being responsible free citizens

II The Enlightenment d. She argued that women were as rational as men and as capable of being responsible free citizens e. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft identified two problems with the beliefs of many Enlightenment thinkers.

II The Enlightenment d. She argued that women were as rational as men and as capable of being responsible free citizens e. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft identified two problems with the beliefs of many Enlightenment thinkers. i. Those who argued men should rule women also argued against government based on the arbitrary power of kings. Power of men over women was equally wrong

II The Enlightenment d. She argued that women were as rational as men and as capable of being responsible free citizens e. In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft identified two problems with the beliefs of many Enlightenment thinkers. i. Those who argued men should rule women also argued against government based on the arbitrary power of kings. Power of men over women was equally wrong ii. She also argued that because women are rational beings, they deserved equal rights.

II The Enlightenment

3. The Enlightenment in America II The Enlightenment 3. The Enlightenment in America

II The Enlightenment 3. The Enlightenment in America a. The Enlightenment had a powerful effect on American colonists.

II The Enlightenment 3. The Enlightenment in America a. The Enlightenment had a powerful effect on American colonists. b. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were attracted to the ideas of John Locke. Numerous phrases in the Declaration of Independence bear a resemblance to statements in Locke’s essay on government.

II The Enlightenment 3. The Enlightenment in America a. The Enlightenment had a powerful effect on American colonists. b. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were attracted to the ideas of John Locke. Numerous phrases in the Declaration of Independence bear a resemblance to statements in Locke’s essay on government. c. Locke’s argument that citizens were justified in rebelling against a government that causes them harm had a strong impact on the colonists.

II The Enlightenment

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence II The Enlightenment “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” Paragraph Two Declaration of Independence