England Germany Serbia Austria-Hungry France Russia Which of the four (4) causes of the Great War is being displayed in this political cartoon? What do the colors of the National Names above the bubbles refer to?

The Road to War LESSON 8 Big Idea Main Ideas In 1914 tensions in Europe exploded into the deadliest war the world had ever seen. Main Ideas Many factors contributed to the outbreak of World War I. European nations suffered massive casualties in the war’s early battles. The United States entered the war after repeated crises with Germany. The United States mobilized for war by training troops and stepping up production of supplies. Labor shortages created new wartime opportunities for women and other Americans. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Outbreak of War Main Idea 1 Lesson 1 Main Idea 1 Many factors contributed to the outbreak of World War I. Nationalism Nationalism, a strong sense of pride and loyalty to one’s nation or culture, created tension between nations. Austria-Hungary included people from many cultural groups. Slavic nationalists wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and join the independent Slavic country of Serbia. Militarism Nations focused resources on militarism, the aggressive strengthening of armed forces. Raced to build armies and navies Made alliances to protect themselves Imperialism Nations competed for control of territories both in Europe and overseas. Germany took the Alsace-Lorraine region from France in 1871, and France wanted it back. continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 1 Main Idea 1 (continued) The Spark Feelings of fear and distrust grew among European powers in the early 1900s. In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. Slavic nationalists resisted violently; wanted to be a part of Serbia June 28, 1914: Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo. Killed by a Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Nations began to mobilize, or prepare their militaries, for war. continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Countries Choose Sides Lesson 1 Main Idea 1 (continued) Countries Choose Sides The Central powers were Austria-Hungary and Germany. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire later sided with the Central Powers. The Allied powers united to oppose the Central Powers First members were France, Russia, and Britain Italy later joined Allied side. Eventually, soldiers from 30 nations fought in the Great War, now called World War I. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Early Battles of the War Lesson 1 Main Idea 2 European nations suffered massive casualties in the war’s early battles. The War Begins The French army blocked the German advance at the Marne River, east of Paris, in September 1914. The First Battle of Marne marked the first major battle of the war. French and German forces faced each other along a long battle line known as the western front. Russian and German armies struggled back and forth on the eastern front. The war became a stalemate – a situation in which neither side can win a decisive victory. Clear that this war would be longer than expected continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Main Idea 2 Technology of War Land Lesson 1 Main Idea 2 (continued) Technology of War Land Trench warfare, defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches, helped make the war long and deadly. Cold, wet, and muddy Disease ran rampant. New technologies made land warfare even more deadly. Machine guns Poison gases Tanks Air Airplanes used in large-scale battles for the first time Fired down on soldiers in the trenches Gathered information on enemy locations Battled each other in the air in “dogfights” Sea Fighting in the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea Used naval blockades and mines to block supply lines U-boats, German submarines, launched torpedoes against Allied supply ships. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The United States Enters World War I Lesson 2 Main Idea 3 The United States entered the war after repeated crises with Germany. The United States was initially a neutral country. Americans viewed World War I as a European conflict. America continued to trade with European nations during the war. Carried supplies and war materials to the Allies Germany used U-boats to try and stop supply lines. Often attacked ships without warning Sometimes shot civilian targets, such as the British passenger liner, Lusitania continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 2 Congress Declares War March 1916– a U-boat attacks a French passenger ship, the Sussex, with several American passengers on board. German leaders agree not to attack merchant ships without warning. February 1917– President Wilson breaks diplomatic relations with Germany after they again begin attacks on non- military ships. March 1917– Zimmermann Note is decoded revealing German and Mexican plot to ally against the United States. April 1917– Congress declares war on Germany Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Mobilizing for War Main Idea 4 Lesson 2 Mobilizing for War Main Idea 4 The United States mobilized for war by training troops and stepping up production of supplies. Committee on Public Information formed by President Wilson to help persuade the public to support the war effort Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 limited freedoms in the United States. Selective Service Act was enacted in 1917 to prepare the U.S. military for war. Required men between ages 21-30 to register for draft Almost 3 million Americans were drafted into service in World War I. Liberty bonds were issued by the government to help finance Allied war efforts. War Industries Board and Food Administration worked to supply the troops with materials and food supplies. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

New Wartime Opportunities Lesson 2 New Wartime Opportunities Main Idea 5 Labor shortages created new wartime opportunities for women and other Americans. Factors that led to a labor shortage in the United States during the war: American factories needed new workers to meet huge production demands. The war almost completely closed immigration, thus cutting-off the main source of labor to American industry. Many of the young men who would normally take factory jobs were serving in the military. Women’s War Efforts Many American women took on new roles to help the war effort. 1 million women joined the workforce. About 25,000 women volunteered to serve in non-combat positions in Europe. Other women protested America’s participation in the war. continued… Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Lesson 2 Labor and the War New job opportunities encouraged Mexican Americans and African Americans to move to northern industrial cities. Union membership increased. Workers were in a better position to demand higher wages. More than 4 million unionized workers went on strike during the war. The National War Labor Board was established to help management and workers reach agreements. Settled more than 1,000 labor disputes Worked to prevent strikes Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Exit Ticket: What were the four causes of World War I? Despite their wish, why was the United States unable to remain neutral in this conflict?