Final exam-120 multiple choice-120 marks from vitamins to end of course -4 short answer questions-15 points each for a total of 60 points covers whole course -3 hours- 180 marks PLEASE SEE EXAM REGULATIONS ON: faculty.cbu.ca/ebarre
Beta carotene-fat soluble Lecture 10b- 26 March 2019 This lecture is based largely on Chapter 7, 12, 14, 15,16 in Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition by Rolfes et al.
Lectures 10ab Outline Water -role in metabolism -role in metabolic regulation
Outline of lectures 10ab Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation Infancy Early Childhood Adolescence Adulthood
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Pregnancy and Lactation Nutrition during lactation mother's nutrient needs energy additional 450 kcal per day consumed- rest comes from fat stores built up during pregnancy figure 14-10
Figure 14.10: Comparison of Nutrient Recommendations for Nonpregnant, Pregnant, and Lactating Women. For actual values, turn to the table on the inside front cover. Fig. 14-10, p. 489
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy energy and nutrient needs energy infants require about 100 kcal/kg/day protein inadequate-consequences too much-stress kidneys and liver figure 15-2
Figure 15.2: Recommended Intakes of an Infant and an Adult Compared on the Basis of Body Weight. Because infants are small, they need smaller total amounts of the nutrients than adults do, but when comparisons are based on body weight, infants need more than twice as much of many nutrients. Infants use large amounts of energy and nutrients, in proportion to their body size, to keep all their metabolic processes going. Fig. 15-2, p. 517
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy breast milk lactose improves calcium absorption omega 3 fatty acids figure 15-3
Figure 15.3: Percentages of Energy-Yielding Nutrients in Breast Milk and in Recommended Adult Diets. The proportions of energy-yielding nutrients in human breast milk differ from those recommended for adults. Note: The values listed for adults represent approximate midpoints of the acceptable ranges for protein (10 to 35 percent), fat (20 to 35 percent), and carbohydrate (45 to 65 percent). Fig. 15-3, p. 518
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy infant formula nothing beats breast milk soya formulas-avoids allergy issue found with some non-soya formulas - good for lactose intolerance as there is no lactose in soya formulas avoid goats milk-low in folate table 15-2 figure 15-4
Table 15-2, p. 519
Figure 15.4: Percentages of Energy-Yielding Nutrients in Breast Milk and in Infant Formula. The average proportions of energy-yielding nutrients in human breast milk and formula differ slightly. In contrast, cow’s milk provides too much protein (20%) and too little carbohydrate (30%). Fig. 15-4, p. 521
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy special needs of pre-term infants poor absorption of lipid, fat soluble vitamins, calcium, iron and zinc due to immature gut solution-pre-term breast milk eg higher protein concentration than full term breast milk
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy introducing cow's milk not until 12 months of age poor iron content and it may cause intestinal bleeding cows milk is higher in calcium and lower in vitamin C-thus inhibiting iron absorption type 1 diabetes issue-this is controversial
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy introducing solid foods no earlier than 6 months 6-12 months if not before end of first year there may be delayed growth
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy introducing solid foods 6-12 months iron fortified cereals, meat or meat alternatives such as legumes -serve with vitamin C to improve iron absorption -vitamin C rich foods include citrus fruit juices and chopped berries
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Infancy introducing solid foods at one year-2-3.5 cups of milk maximum to avoid displacement of iron rich foods plus give iron fortified cereals, fruits and vegetables to meet iron requirements primary food in first 12 months ideally is breast milk
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Early Childhood energy and nutrient needs energy 1 year 1000 kcal/day 3 years-1300 kcal/day 10 years-2000 kcal/day
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Early Childhood energy and nutrient needs nutrient needs protein-needs dictated by needs to maintain nitrogen balance, protein quality and added needs of growth vitamins and minerals-met by 6 principles of dietary planning(adequacy, moderation, balance, variety, energy control and avoiding empty kcal foods)
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Early Childhood hunger and malnutrition in children glucose and iron are critical to brain functioning and subsequently to the child's behaviour adverse reactions to foods must meet nutrient needs of child childhood obesity excess energy intake relative to energy expenditure
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Early Childhood mealtimes at home -6 principles of good dietary planning nutrition at school -pack lunches
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adolescence energy and nutrient needs energy-2000-4000 kcal/day activity levels males need more than females
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adolescence nutrients vitamin D and calcium iron chronic diseases atherosclerosis type 2 diabetes hypertension
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adulthood as we age in adulthood we reduce our metabolic rate- therefore need to reduce caloric intake while meeting the 6 principles of good dietary planning that adequately address changing nutrient intake requirements
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adulthood water- avoid dehydration-mobility and desire to consume water are issues here protein- 0.8 g/kg/day carbohydrate- increased fibre to offset constipation- also need more fluid
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adulthood vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium as well as iron are among the nutrients of primary concern vitamin B12 -bacterial overgrowth-in stomach results in vitamin B12 consumption by bacteria vitamin D and calcium -a concern due to reduced dairy intake as we age as well as the risk of osteoporosis
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adulthood vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium as well as iron are among the nutrients of primary concern iron- deficiency risk if low food energy intakes-mobility and desire to consume food are issues here
Nutrition metabolism throughout the life cycle Adulthood nutrient-brain relationships-table 16-2
Table 16-2, p. 574