The ONLY game show that helps you learn your fun cell facts Cellpardy The ONLY game show that helps you learn your fun cell facts

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CELLS?

Cells Versus Atoms Atoms make up _____________, which form to make_________, making____________, and finally cells What are “Elements”, “Molecules”, “organic compounds” How are cells and atoms related? ANSWER: Atoms form to make molecules, molecules form to make cells, cells form to make organisms. What is different about them? Cells are much larger. Cells are composed of billions of molecules. Cells are only in living things. Cells are essential to all life. How are they similar? Atoms are the basic building blocks for chemistry and cells are the basic building blocks for life

Cells Versus Atoms what is different about them? __________ are much larger than _________. _________ are composed of millions of molecules. __________ are essential to all life What are “cells”, “atoms”, “cells” and “cells” How are cells and atoms related? ANSWER: Atoms form to make molecules, molecules form to make cells, cells form to make organisms. What is different about them? Cells are much larger. Cells are composed of billions of molecules. Cells are only in living things. Cells are essential to all life. How are they similar? Atoms are the basic building blocks for chemistry and cells are the basic building blocks for life

Cells Versus Atoms What is similar about them? _________________ are the building blocks for chemistry and _________________ are the building blocks for life What are “atoms” and “cells” How are cells and atoms related? ANSWER: Atoms form to make molecules, molecules form to make cells, cells form to make organisms. What is different about them? Cells are much larger. Cells are composed of billions of molecules. Cells are only in living things. Cells are essential to all life. How are they similar? Atoms are the basic building blocks for chemistry and cells are the basic building blocks for life

Cells Versus Atoms Overview Atoms to Cells

Molecules into Structures What is the relationship between cells and carbon atoms? __________ are composed of _________, and ___________ atoms are essential in cells. What are “cells”, “atoms”, “carbon” Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are essential in cells. Carbon is essentail to life

Molecules into Structures Who cares about carbon? Why? Carbon is essential to life because it has a unique ability to: What is bond with other structures due to the four available valence electrons Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are essential in cells. Carbon is essentail to life

Molecules into Structures Who cares about carbon? Why? Carbon forms ______________ kind of bonds What is covalent Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are essential in cells. Carbon is essentail to life

Molecules into Structures Who cares about carbon? Why? Covalent bonds are crucial because they are __________ in water and have the _____________ bond strength What are insoluble or not soluble and strongest Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are essential in cells. Carbon is essentail to life

What are the most common elements in living organisms? Carbon Oxygen Calcium Sodium Silicon Glue Sulfur Uranium Hydrogen Helium Phosphorus Gum Nitrogen

What are the most common elements in living organisms? Sulfur Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus

Organic Molecules When molecules are built in chains or rings of carbon atoms they are said to be What are organic molecules or carbon-based molecules

Organic Molecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are considered to be What are types of organic molecules

Organic Molecules Also known as fat, oil, fatlike these organic compounds are compound usually has fatty acids in its molecular structure. Most important in plasma membrane What are lipids

Organic Molecules This organic compound describes DNA or RNA, is composed of nucleotides are in important for coding instructions for the cell processes. Large. What are Nucleic Acids

What are Carbohydrates Organic Molecules These are organic compound made of C, H, and O. Examples are sugars, starches, and cellulose. What are Carbohydrates

What are Proteins Organic Molecules These organic molecules are composed of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids. Most structural materials and enzymes in a cell are these. What are Proteins

Energy Reserves in Plant and Animals ____________ are organic compound that produce twice as much energy as ___________________ What are lipids and carbohydrates

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes simple organism without nucleus: an organism whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus, e.g. a bacterium What are Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes organisms with visible nuclei: any organism with one or more cells that have visible nuclei and organelles What are Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Bigger Smaller Complex Appendages Simple Appendages Flagella Cell Wall Simple when present Cell Wall Complex No Cytoskeleton Plasma Membrane Cytoskeleton No Membrane Bound Organelles Membrane Bound Organelles Cell Division Cytoplasm Unbound Nucleoid Membrane Bound Nucleus and Nucleolus Ribosome Chromosome

Cell Anatomy: Animals versus Plants Animal cells and Plant Cells Similarities and Differences

Plant V Animal ____ have a cell wall What are plants

Plant V Animal ____ have a centriole What are Animals

Plant V Animal ___ have a chloroplast What are plants

Cell Anatomy: Animals versus Plants

Movement Through Membranes

Osmosis and Diffusion Similarities and Differences

Movement Through Membranes By definition is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration What is diffusion

Movement Through Membranes By definition is the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration What is osmosis

Movement Through Membranes Osmosis Diffusion Molecules go through a semipermeable membrane. Just add water Molecules spread over a large area Everything but water Molecules move around to create an equilibrium. Move from High to Low concentrations

What is the Concentration Gradient The _________________ of molecules at various points separate high _____________ from low create a boundary called a _______________ There is a concentration _____________ because of the differences in concentration What is the Concentration Gradient

Passive and Active Transport

Passive and Active Transport Requires energy to move from low concentrations to high What is Active Transport

Passive and Active Transport Requires no energy to move from high concentrations to low What is Passive Transport

Passive and Active Transport Diffusion is what kind of transport What is Passive Transport

Passive and Active Transport Osmosis is what kind of transport What is Passive Transport

Passive and Active Transport Requires transport proteins but still requires no energy is what What is facilitated diffusion

More about Facilitated Diffusion What is facilitated diffusion? Diffusion of a substance across a membrane using a transport protein

Active versus Passive Transport Water? What is Passive, Osmosis

Active versus Passive Transport Sodium? What is Active Transport

Active versus Passive Transport Oxygen? What is Passive, Diffusion

Active versus Passive Transport if passive which one? Glucose? What is Passive, facilitated diffusion

Active versus Passive Transport Glucose Cannot move easily because it is large. But can pass through with Passive Transport with the facilitated diffusion Water Can move easily because it is small. Uses Osmosis, which is Passive Transport Oxygen Can move easily because it is small and moves through diffusion (Passive Transport) Sodium Use Active Transport, requiring Energy to move against the concentration gradient as well as with it. In animal cells the concentration of sodium ions is greater outside the cell

Membranes. What are they and what are they used for?

Membranes. What are they and what are they used for? _______________is the function of a cell membrane What is allowing materials in/out of cell

Membranes. What are they and what are they used for? the property of cell membranes which only allows certain materials in/out of a cell is called What is semipermeable

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic?

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic ___________: Concentration of solutes is equal inside cell than outside What is Isotonic

More about Isotonic Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)? Isotonic (the solution contains an equal concentration of solute to the cell).

Which way will water move? More about Isotonic Which way will water move? Water will move in and out at equal rates

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is Isotonic

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic ___________: Concentration of solutes outside the cell is less then the concentration inside What is hypotonic

More about Hypotonic Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)? Hypotonic (the solution has a LOWER concentration of solute than the cell.

Which way will water move? More about Hypotonic Which way will water move? Into the cell because the concentration of water is higher outside the cell.

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is hypotonic

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic ___________: Concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than inside What is Hypertonic

More about Hypertonic Is the solution hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic (compared to the cell)? Hypertonic (the solution contains a HIGHER concentration of solute than the cell).

Which way will water move? More about Hypertonic Which way will water move? Out of the cell because the concentration of water is higher in the cell.

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic What is hypertonic

Why is it so bad to drink seawater?

Why is it so bad to drink seawater? There is more water in your cells compared to the external environment with salt water solution. Creating a hypertonic state with a higher concentration gradient of water from cells moving outward through osmosis. Water will leave the cell through passive transport leaving the cell to contract or shrink. You will become dehydrated, if the dehydration continues you could die. “because you can’t pull the water from the salt for your body to use and it just builds up until you go insane and talk to volleyballs” http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060908200142AAeutyW

Cell Division

Maximum efficiency, replace worn out or damaged, and differentiation Cells are composed of atoms, and carbon atoms are essential in cells. Carbon is essentail to life What are reasons for cell division

More about Cell Division Why can’t cells grow to be too large? Because diffusion and osmosis take time which means that cells need to be small enough to get the nutrients they need in a timely fashion.

Cell Cycle

What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? More about Cell Cycle What is the longest phase of the cell cycle? Interphase

Mitosis? Mitowhat? Is the precise distribution of DNA to daughter cells creating an exact copy What is mitosis

How many daughter cells are created in Mitosis (from one parent cell)? More about Mitosis How many daughter cells are created in Mitosis (from one parent cell)? Two identical cells with all of the same materials – DNA and cell organelles

What is differentiation Process by which new cells specialize and become different in appearance and function from their parent cells, different by activation of different portions of DNA, change how cells look and behave What is differentiation

What stage is it What is Interphase Long and active cycle DNA and chromosomes are duplicated in the nucleus Mitochondria are made in the cytoplasm Cell grows What is Interphase

More about Interphase What phase is this? Interphase – because you can only see the nucleus, but no chromosomes can be seen yet.

What stage is it What is Prophase Chromosomes coil and become shorter. Each Chromosome appears as a double structure joined at the centromere Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell (except in plants, there are no centrioles, but these events still occur as described here) What is Prophase

More about Prophase What phase is this? Prophase – because you can see the chromosomes, and they are randomly scattered in the nucleus.

What stage is it What is Metaphase Doubled chromosomes line up Cytoplasmic fibers are now attached to each doubled chromosome at the centromere What is Metaphase

More about Metaphase What phase is this? Metaphase – because you can see the chromosomes lined up along the middle.

What stage is it What is Anaphase Doubled chromosomes separate New chromosomes are pushed and pulled to the opposite ends of the cell by the cytoplasmic fibers What is Anaphase

More about Anaphase What phase is this? Anaphase – because you can see the sister chromatids being pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

What stage is it What is Telophase Chromosomes approach the ends and group together New nuclear membrane Cytoplasm divides New cell membrane forms (cell wall laid between new cells in plants) The new cells enter interphase What is Telophase

Telophase – because you can see two nuclei in the cell. More about Telophase What phase is this? Telophase – because you can see two nuclei in the cell.

How is mitosis different in plant and animal cells? LAST SLIDE! Now make up your 3X5 study notecard and study for tomorrow’s test! Good Luck!  You want to do you very best! How is mitosis different in plant and animal cells? Animal cells have centrioles, which start the process of mitosis. Plant cells don’t have centrioles. Cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells.