China Overview: A Brief History of Chinese Dynasties

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China Overview: A Brief History of Chinese Dynasties © Student Handouts, Inc.

What are dynasties? A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family. Historically, royal rule was descended from father to son. DYNASTIC CYCLE Emperor comes to power and gains the Mandate of Heaven. Upward rise (wealth and population increase) to peak. Downward spiral (natural disasters, corruption, etc.). Emperor loses the Mandate of Heaven. Civil war until a new emperor, with the Mandate of Heaven, comes to power. MANDATE OF HEAVEN – Described by philosopher Mencius Belief that the emperor was chosen by heaven to rule.

XIA (a.k.a. HSIA) DYNASTY (ca. 2070-ca. 1600 BCE) China’s first dynasty Founded by Yu Built roads and irrigation projects

Shang Dynasty (ca. 1600-1046 BCE) Writing began Developed bronze, glazed pottery, and silk industries

Zhou (a.k.a. Chou) Dynasty (1045-256 BCE) Invaded China from the northwest Set up a loose central government Feudal power held by strong nobles Philosophers Confucius Mencius (his follower)

Qin (a.k.a. Chin) Dynasty (221-206 BCE) Military dictatorship centralized China Emperor Shih Huang Ti Destroyed nobles’ feudal power System of taxation Established weights and measures Great Wall (1500 miles)

Han Dynasty (206-220 CE) Conquerors Empire – central Asia to China Sea, Indochina to Korea Trade Chinese fruits, silks, and spices in Rome (1st century CE) Buddhism came from India Civil service system First paper made

Tang Dynasty (618-906 CE) 400 years of warfare between Han and Tang dynasties Tang reunited China T’ai Tsung Emperor in 627 CE Education and government reforms Extended boundaries Alliances and peace treaties with neighbors Industry and trade Jade porcelain, and silks to Arabia, India, Japan, and Persia

Song (a.k.a. Sung) Dynasty (960-1279) Disorder between Tang and Sung dynasties Culture superior to that of medieval Europe Powerful only in southern China

Mongol Rule (1259-1368) Central Asian nomads Genghis Khan Conquered Asia, including China Kublai Khan Grandson of Genghis Visited by Marco Polo (Venetian) Ruled for circa 100 years Capital – Peking (Beijing) Trade with Europe begun

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Overthrew Mongols Chinese natives Beautified Peking (Beijing) Encouraged trade with Europe Gave Europeans: Gunpowder Jade Playing cards Porcelain Silk Tea

Qing Dynasty (Manchu Rule) (1644-1912) Manchurians conquered China, Indochina, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, eastern Turkestan China prospered Western pressure brought about Manchu overthrow in 1912 Ended with birth of Chinese Republic