Figure 1 Biomarkers associated with different clinical phases in MS

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Figure 1 Biomarkers associated with different clinical phases in MS Figure 1 | Biomarkers associated with different clinical phases in MS. This overview shows how biomarkers discussed in this Review are linked to specific clinical stages of MS. The arrows indicate expression changes in MS. ± indicates that the antibody can be either present or absent. Abbreviations: κFLC, κ free light chain; AQP4, aquaporin 4; CHI3L1, chitinase-3-like protein 1; CIS, clinically isolated syndrome; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CXCL13, C–X–C motif chemokine 13; DMT, disease-modifying therapy; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; KIR4.1, potassium channel, inwardly rectifying subfamily J member 10; miR, microRNA; MOG-IgG, IgG against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; MS, multiple sclerosis; MRZ, measles–rubella–varicella zoster; NAA, N-acetylaspartate; NAbs, neutralizing antibodies (against IFN-β or natalizumab); NfL/H, neurofilament light/heavy chain; NMO, neuromyelitis optica; OCBs, oligoclonal bands; PPMS, primary progressive MS; RRMS, relapsing–remitting MS; SPMS, secondary progressive MS. Teunissen, C. E. et al. (2015) Body fluid biomarkers for multiple sclerosis—the long road to clinical application Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.173