Louis XVI of France Louis XIV of France James I of England Catherine the Great Charles I of England Maria Theresa

Referred to as the “Sun King” Built the Palace of Versailles Spent lots of $ Never summoned Estates-General (law-making body) Married Marie Antoinette Last Bourbon King before the onset of the French Revolution Spent lavish amounts of $ partitioned Poland allowed Russia to get warm water port on Black Sea gave landlords more power than ever after a peasant uprising Reformed education Tried to raise taxes without consent of Parliament Wanted to have absolute power His actions led to the English Civil War 1st monarch to be beheaded by his own people She was the only woman ruler in the 650 history of the Habsburg dynasty Strengthened the army Promoted economic reforms Her daughter, Marie Antoinette, married Louis XVI -Did not respect tradition of shared power w/ parliament -Preferred to rule by divine right -came to power after the death of Elizabeth I

Frederick II (the Great) Oliver Cromwell Cardinal Richelieu Peter the Great Phillip II Ivan the Terrible

Wanted to “Westernize” his country strong military leader expanded Prussian territory through series of war ex. War of Austrian Succession and the 7 Years War modernized bureaucracy & civil service promoted religious tolerance Ruled for Louis XIII b/c the king was a child Weakened the nobles and increased taxes Wanted to “Westernize” his country Built St. Petersburg to be a western city, moved the Russian capital there as a port on the Baltic Sea and base for his naval fleet Led the army that defeated King Charles I Lord Protector under the Commonwealth Believed in religious tolerance except for Catholics Son of Charles V Married “bloody Mary” Wanted to make England Catholic again Elizabeth I defeated his fleet of ships called the Spanish Armada ruled with brutality and was paranoid expanded and unified Russia creating a small empire & regional power killed his own son, the heir to the throne, in a fit of rage