Illiteracy in Japan: Fact or Fiction? B17421 Kana Kimura

outline Introduction Defining terms Fact Fiction Analysis of 3. Fact Analysis of 4. Fiction Conclusion

Image “Japan is a high literacy country” Introduction Image “Japan is a high literacy country” Compulsory education system (義務教育) “All people shall have the right to receive an equal education correspondent to their ability, as provided by low.” The Constitution of Japan (2009)

Introduction This is always true? Illiterate people

Introduction Illiteracy in Japan is Fact Fiction or

outline Introduction Defining terms -2terms Fact Fiction Analysis of 3. Fact Analysis of 4. Fiction Conclusion

Defining terms : Illiteracy People have a difficulty to understand texts in daily life. People can not read and write because being unable to receive education even if they want to learn. Unesco (2015), ACCU (2018)

Defining terms : Illiteracy

Defining terms : The literacy rate People who can read and write ➣ The target is over 15 years old. (Unesco 2015) Total population

“The literacy rate is 99%...?” Defining terms : The literacy rate “The literacy rate is 99%...?” Japanese literacy survey (日本人の読み書き能力調査) -A opinion poll in nationwide -in 1948 -16,820 people Surveys for literacy has not been done… This is the latest survey! Kadoya (2010 : 159), Sumi (2014: 1), Nakamura (2009 : 13)

Defining terms in People who can not read and write in daily life exist in Japan. Or All Japanese can read and write in daily life. Fact Fiction

outline Introduction Defining terms Fact Fiction Analysis of 3. Fact Analysis of 4. Fiction Conclusion

Illiteracy is Fact? 3-1. The evening junior high school (夜間中学) 3-2. Dyslexia

The evening junior high school Fact : The evening junior high school The evening junior high school 31 Schools 1,687 students Government Volunteer 331 students 1,356 students Government Public Relation Online (2018), MEXT (2017: 24)

Fact : The evening junior high school 58.8% are over 60 years old people MEXT (2017: 24)

Fact : The evening junior high schoool World war 2 Housekeeping Poverty Discriminated community (部落差別) The existence of the evening junior high school The existence of illiterate people Government Public Relation Online (2018)

“Illiteracy in Japan: Fact” Fact : The evening junior high school “Illiteracy in Japan: Fact” Unesco (2015), ACCU (2018)

Illiteracy is Fact? 3-1. The evening junior high school (夜間中学) 3-2. Dyslexia

Dyslexia One of learning disability 5 to 8% people are possible to be Fact : Dyslexia Dyslexia One of learning disability 5 to 8% people are possible to be dyslexia. Isii (2004: 1-2), Edge (2018)

Fact : Dyslexia Ed Edge (2018)

Fact : Dyslexia Ed さかな めがね 語　鳥　健 湖　庭　州 Isii (2004: 3))

Tom Cruise “I’d try to concentrate on what I Fact : Dyslexia Tom Cruise “I’d try to concentrate on what I was reading, then I’d get to the end of the page and have very little memory of anything I’d read.” “I can not understand the script, so I listen the dialog when I remember it.” People(2003)

“Illiteracy in Japan: Fact” Fact :Dyslexia “Illiteracy in Japan: Fact” Unesco (2015), ACCU (2018)

outline Introduction Defining terms Fact Fiction Analysis of 3. Fact Analysis of 4. Fiction Conclusion

Fiction Illiteracy is Fiction? 4-1. The enrollment rate（就学率） 4-2. Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school （幼稚園・保育園での教育）

The enrollment rate Japanese enrollment rate (2011 to 2016) →100%! Fiction : The enrollment rate The enrollment rate People who attend a school in school age Japanese enrollment rate (2011 to 2016) →100%! The high school-going rate : 98.8% (2017) People in school age Sumi (2014: 19), Japan Committee for UNICEF (2017: 2), MEXT (2018)

“Illiteracy in Japan: Fiction” Fiction : The enrollment rate “Illiteracy in Japan: Fiction” Unesco (2015), ACCU (2018)

Fiction Illiteracy is Fiction? 4-1. The enrollment rate（就学率） 4-2. Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school （幼稚園・保育園での教育）

Education before the compulsory education Fiction : Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school Education before the compulsory education MHLW (厚生労働省) MEXT (文部科学省) Kindergarten Nursery school > Benesse (2015)

Fiction : Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school Government policy Kindergarten 1,271,918 children Nursery school 2,546,669 children (2017) 生活の中で必要な言葉が分かり、使う。 日常生活の中で、文字などで伝える楽しさを味わう。 (文部科学省、幼稚園教育要綱　2017: 16) 教師が幼児一人一人にとって豊かな言語環境となることを教師自 身が自覚する必要がある。 (文部科学省、幼稚園教育要綱解説　2017: 103） MEXT (2017: 16), MEXT(2017: 103)

“Illiteracy in Japan: Fiction” Fiction : Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school “Illiteracy in Japan: Fiction” Unesco (2015), ACCU (2018)

outline Introduction Defining terms Fact Fiction Analysis of 3. Fact Analysis of 4. Fiction Conclusion

Analysis : Fact Analysis for Fact? 3-1. The evening junior high school (夜間中学) 3-2. Dyslexia

About 80% are foreigner students Newcomer children are increasing! Analysis : The evening junior high school About 80% are foreigner students Japanese students Newcomer children are increasing! Foreigner students Literacy education

Analysis : Fact Analysis for Fact? 3-1. The evening junior high school (夜間中学) 3-2. Dyslexia

Dyslexia Does not fit the illiteracy definition 2? Analysis :Dyslexia Dyslexia Does not fit the illiteracy definition 2? The reason of dyslexia 　○ a disability of brain

Analysis : Fact Analysis for Fact? 3-1. The evening junior high school (夜間中学) 3-2. Dyslexia

Analysis :Fiction Illiteracy is Fiction? 4-1. The enrollment rate（就学率） 4-2. Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school （幼稚園・保育園での教育）

The enrollment rate 100% All children go to school enrollment rate Analysis : The enrollment rate The enrollment rate A refusal(停学), a long absent and a dropout… 100% enrollment rate All children go to school Saito (1991 : 59-60)

In junior high school and a high school Analysis : The enrollment rate In junior high school and a high school A refusal : 18 A long absent : 286,431 A dropout : 47,623 334,072 students can take enough education? (2017) MEXT (2017: 59,62,89,105)

Analysis :Fiction Illiteracy is Fiction? 4-1. The enrollment rate（就学率） 4-2. Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school （幼稚園・保育園での教育）

Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school Analysis :education in a kindergarten and a nursery school Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school The level is different By parents’ intention Is educational opportunity equal? Figure 5: The rate of children who go to a kindergarten or a nursery school (2013) Benesse (2015), MHLW (2015: 4)

Analysis :Fiction Illiteracy is Fiction? 4-1. The enrollment rate（就学率） 4-2. Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school （幼稚園・保育園での教育）

Analysis : Fact and Fiction 3-1. The evening junior high school (夜間中学) 3-2. Dyslexia 4-1. The enrollment rate（就学率） 4-2. Education in a kindergarten and a nursery school （幼稚園・保育園での教育）

outline Introduction Defining terms Fact Fiction Analysis of 3. Fact Analysis of 4. Fiction Conclusion

Illiteracy Illiteracy in Japan : Fact older illiterate people Conclusion Illiteracy in Japan : Fact older illiterate people (Dyslexia and functional illiterate people) Illiteracy Disability? Illiteracy level?

Thank you for listening!