Unit 1- Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

What is Anatomy? The study of structure of the body (observing) Two types of anatomy- Gross Anatomy: Observing large body structures Example- Examining the heart Microscopic Anatomy: Observing small body structures Micro= small Example-Examining the cells that make the heart

What is Physiology? The study of how the body functions Example- Studying the respiration rate and lung functions of the patient

Levels of Biological Organization

Atoms-Building blocks of all matter. Combine to make molecules Cells-Smallest units of structure and function in humans Tissues- Cells combine to form tissues Ex: Cardiac tissue, nervous tissue Organs- Structure that is made of 2 or more types of tissues Ex: Heart, Brain, Skin Organ System- Group of organs that do the same job Ex: Cardiovascular system, Nervous system Organism-Group of organ systems

What Organ Systems Make Us Up? 11 systems total= 1 human Integumentary System-Skin Skeletal System- Bones Muscular System-Movement Nervous System-Control Endocrine System-Hormones Cardiovascular System-Blood Lymphatic System-Fluid other than blood

Respiratory System-Oxygen exchange Digestive System-Breaking down nutrients Urinary System-Removal of wastes Reproductive System-Creation of new human

What Does the Body Do? Maintaining Boundaries-Keeps the inside and outside separate Integumentary System and each cell (cell membrane) Movement-Moving the entire body by using the muscular system Other substances such as food, blood, lymph are moved through the body Responsiveness- Responding to changes in the environment Also called irritability

Digestion-Breaking down molecules into smaller pieces Metabolism- All of the chemical reactions in the body Excretion- Removing wastes from the body Reproduction- Making copies of cells and new organisms Growth-Increase in size by increasing the number of cells

What Does the Body Need? Nutrients: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals used to create energy Oxygen (O2): Used to release energy from cells Water (H2O): 60-80% of the body is water Body Temperature: Body must have optimal temperature (37o C or 98oF) to continue homeostasis Atmospheric Pressure: Lungs must have a specific pressure for oxygen exchange

Homeostasis Maintaining a constant internal balance All organ systems communicate to help us stay in balance! If one system is not functioning properly, we have a homeostatic imbalance! Examples: fever, diabetes, hormone imbalance…etc.

Feedback Systems Homeostatic controls are either negative or positive Negative feedback: Turns off or reduces stimulus Ex: Body is cold, you begin to shiver to raise body temperature Ex: Your body needs oxygen, your respiration rate increases to meet this O2 need Positive Feedback: Increase of stimulus Usually control infrequent events Ex: Labor contractions and blood clotting

Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position-Anatomical reference point so you know what you are looking at! All specimen we view will be in anatomical position Body will be: Facing forward Feet apart Arms to the side Palms up

Body Planes- Plane: An imaginary line on the body where we make a cut Section: Cut Sagittal Section: Cutting a body into a right and left side Sagittal Section in the middle of the body-Median Section Frontal Section: Cutting the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts Also called a coronal section Transverse Section: Cutting the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Body Cavities- Cavities where organs are located are separated into the dorsal and ventral cavities Dorsal Cavity: The cavity that holds the brain and spinal cord Ventral Cavity: Larger cavity that holds all other major organs Divided into thoracic cavity (holds lungs) and abdominal and pelvic cavities (hold all other major organs)