The New Nation James Madison George Washington James Monroe John Adams John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson

The Federalist Era I. George Washington Washington inaugurated on April 30, 1789.

A. Organizing the Government 1. Judiciary-Supreme Court established along with lower federal courts 2. Cabinet- created: State Department-Thomas Jefferson War Department-Henry Knox Treasury Department-Alexander Hamilton Attorney General-Edmund Randolph 3. Economy-paid off war debts by issuing new bonds. Wealthy speculators that had bought worthless old bonds during the war made money off of this.

A. Organizing the Government 4. National Bank Debate Alexander Hamilton-proposed the creation of a bank, saying that it was "necessary and proper." He favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Thomas Jefferson-against the national bank, saying the Constitution did not give the government the right to do this. Favored a strict interpretation.

A. Organizing the Government 5. Whiskey Rebellion Small farmers revolted in Pennsylvania after whiskey was taxed. These farmers used whiskey to barter. President Washington sent militia and crushed the rebellion without a single death. Set a precedent that the government would use force to maintain peace.

II. Political Parties Federalists -Led by Alexander Hamilton, who supported Britain. -Believed the wealthy and educated should govern, not ordinary people. -Favored a strong central government and loose interpretation of Constitution. -Believed that individual liberties should sometimes be restricted. -Favored the national bank and trade & industry -Supported by bankers & merchants in New England and coastal regions.

II. Political Parties Republicans -Led by Thomas Jefferson, who supported France -Believed common people should govern, he distrusted aristocrats -Favored a weak central government and strict interpretation of Constitution. -Believed that individual liberties should be protected. -Favored agriculture and opposed the national bank. -Supported by small farmers in South and on frontier.

II. Political Parties George Washington kept peace between these factions and made the presidency a formal office.

III. John Adams A. Election of 1796 -Federalist John Adams won and Republican Thomas Jefferson was runner-up. He became VP -Adams won the North and Jefferson won the South.

III. John Adams Washington’s Farewell Address George Washington’s warnings: 1. Political parties are evil and destructive. 2. Stay out of alliances with foreign countries.

III. John Adams B. XYZ Affair The French had been seizing American ships and sailors in the Atlantic Ocean. 3 French officials, referred to as X, Y, and Z demanded a payment of 240,000 dollars in tribute when Adams sent a team of negotiators to settle this. Led to an ongoing battle at sea with the French. Adams eventually sent another team & made peace in 1799. C. The Alien and Sedition Acts-passed to silence criticism of the Federalists -discriminated against aliens (immigrants), many of whom joined the Republican party -forbid people from speaking or writing anything against their government -violated 1st Amendment rights to free speech & free press.

III. John Adams E. Election of 1800 -Jefferson (Rep) defeated Adams (Fed) but tied with Burr (Rep). The House of Representatives broke the tie between the two Republicans and elected Jefferson. Aaron Burr was VP.

IV. Thomas Jefferson A. Changes 1. Less Formal 2. Eliminated many taxes to take money away from the National Bank 3. Fought with Federalist judges and justices in the court system. Marbury v. Madison 1803-established power of Supreme Court-judicial review 4. Westward expansion-thousands began to flood onto the frontier, Kentucky, Tennessee & Vermont became states.

IV. Thomas Jefferson B. Louisiana Purchase 1803 -Owned by the French. Napoleon needed money to finance his war with Britain and he no longer desired an American Empire, so he sold the territory for $15 million.

IV. Thomas Jefferson -Doubled the land size of the United States. -Merriwether Lewis and William Clark were sent to explore the new territory. They took artists, scientists, and mapmakers with them.