Aim: Why should I study global history? Do Now: Your friend was recently responsible for a car accident on Queens Blvd by running a red light. No one was hurt, and your friend wasn’t charged. Your friend swears that it will never happen again. Would you trust your friend enough to let him/her drive you? NY State Standards 2 Common Core RS 1, 6, WS 2

Answer the following on your handout: I What is history? History tells the chronological story of events of our human past. Chronology: Events that happen in order of time, from past to present. A timeline is used to show chronology. AD = Anno Domini “In The Year of Our Lord” BC = Before Christ Instead of using these religious terms, historians also can use CE = Common Era BCE = Before the Common Era Answer the following on your handout: Julius Caesar died in 44 BCE. How many years ago did he die? Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon in 1969. How many years ago did they land on the moon? 1 BC/ 1 BCE 1 AD/1 CE

What is history? Continued… Julius Caesar died in 44 BCE. How many years ago did he die? Answer: 44 + 2013 = 2057 years ago 2. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon in 1969. How many years ago did they land on the moon? Answer: 2013 – 1969 = 44 years ago

I What is history? Continued… B) Global History examines the past from a global, rather than an American perspective. Why do the Vietnamese refer to the Vietnam war as the American War?

II What can history tell us about the present? A) Patterns can help us make predictions about the future, and hopefully help us prevent future mistakes. Example: Hitler ordered an invasion of the USSR in June of 1941. His campaign failed miserably due to exhaustion and lack of preparation for the harsh Soviet winter. If he had studied his history, he would have known that Napoleon had invaded Russia in 1812… and also failed for similar reasons! B) Current Events can only be understood by knowing the historical events that led up to the present day. Example: Israelis and Palestinians are fighting over land in the Middle East. Some people believe this conflict began in 1948 when Israel first became a nation. However, historians would tell you that Jews and Muslims have fought over the land of Israel for over 1000 years! C) History shows how we are connected Example: Look at your neighbor. Say hi. You’re cousins! ALL modern humans can trace their origins to a single woman in Eastern Africa approximately 200,000 years ago.

Aim: How do Historians Study the Past? Do Now: You are a reporter working on a story about Donald Trump as president. What are the most reliable sources you should use to write an unbiased news article?

I Documents (written sources) 1. Primary Sources: Original materials from an historical event (diaries, photographs, letters, autobiographies, etc…) 2. Secondary Sources: Secondhand materials (textbooks, biographies, etc…) Which sources are primary?

II Other People Who Study the Past A) Archaeologists dig up artifacts (objects made or used by humans). B) Scientists traced human mitochondrial DNA (from our mothers) to Eastern Africa. C) Linguists study the evolution of language. Was Indiana Jones a real archaeologist? How do you know?

III Analyzing Historical Sources Analysis: To examine something carefully by breaking it down to its most essential parts. A) Historians must determine if sources have bias (personal opinion). Bias is often expressed in the following ways: “loaded” language that is overwhelmingly positive or negative author intentionally adds and emphasizes or leaves out information to support their opinion language that is offensive based on gender, race, sexual orientation, nationality, ethnicity, or other characteristics

Historical Analysis Activity: Sourcing You and your classmate will analyze the following sources. Who made this source? Where did it come from? Determine if the source is primary or secondary. Determine if the source is biased. If yes, how is it biased? Is the source reliable? Why or why not?

B) Analyzing Historical Sources: Context Contextualize: The act of describing where an event took place, what led to it, and why Historical Context: the events that led to an event; includes the time period and larger historical trends as well as causes When did it happen? Where did it happen? What led to it? Why did it happen when and where it took place? Geographical Context : Where a historical event took place and why it took place there; includes location, location relative to other places, geographic features, and climate What geographic features were nearby? How did those features affect how it happened? What political region did it take place in? What regions were nearby? What was the relationship between those regions?

Activity: Context Identify which sections of your sources refer to historical circumstances and which refer to geographic context by annotating.

C) Analyzing Historical Sources: Corroboration Corroborating Sources: Examine if your sources support the same statement, theory, or finding. Activity: With your partner(s), examine your combined sources. Do the sources support the same statement, theory, or finding? Support your answer with evidence from the sources.

V Historical Revisionism A) Revisionist history reexamines history from a new perspective. Example: Focusing on the role of women or minorities B) When Historical Revisionism Goes Wrong: When the goal is to hurt a group of people by rewriting history. Example: Holocaust revisionists deny that the Holocaust ever happened. How do we know that the Holocaust happened? Millions of documents, physical remains of the death camps, and living survivors.

How do we write history? Continued… Auschwitz, a Nazi death camp, remains as a living testament to the horrors that took place there… so we can never forget. Above is a photograph of a crematorium that was used to burn the bodies of the victims.

Can We Trust History? Can history be changed?

Key Vocabulary AD Geographical Context Analysis Global History Archaeologists Historical Context Artifacts History BC Holocaust Denial BCE Linguistics Bias Primary Sources CE Revisionist History Chronology Secondary Sources Corroboration Sourcing Documents