1. Chapter One
Uncovering the Past

2. Studying History What is history? Why do we study it?
Why is archaeology important to the study of history?

3. People who’s study focuses
Historian: people who
study and write
about the human past
Archaeologist:
people who hunt for
evidence buried
in the ground.
Ex. Artifacts/fossils
Anthropologist:
People who’s study focuses
on human society.
Ex. Where they lived, how
they developed, etc.

4. Understanding History
Know Yourself
Know Others
Know Your World

5. Using Clues
Fossils
Artifacts
Primary Sources
Secondary Sources

7. Measuring Time Julian Calendar 365 days, a leap year every 4 years
Historians rely on calendars, or dating systems, to measure time.
Julian Calendar
days
The founding of Rome was the basis of the calendar established by Julius Caesar, which was used in early Western Civilization for over a thousand years.
Gregorian Calendar
365 days, a leap year every 4 years
The birth of Christ was the basis of the Gregorian calendar used in the United States since its beginning and in most countries of the world today.

8. Dating Events
The dates in the book are based on the Gregorian (Western) calendar and use the terms A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E
Does anyone know what these letters stand for?

9. Dating events continued
A.D. : Anno Domini (means in the year of the Lord)
C.E. : common era
B.C. : before Christ
B.C.E: before common era

10. Chronology a.d. or c.e. b.c. or b.c.e Birth of Christ
When studying the past historians use A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E. to show the order in which events happened
Birth of Christ
a.d. or c.e.
b.c. or b.c.e

11. Periods of Time Decade- period of 10 years
Century- period of 100 years
Millennium- period of 1000 years

12. An Introduction to Primary and Secondary Sources

13. What are primary sources?
Original records from the past recorded by people who were:
Involved in the event
Witnessed the event, OR
Knew the persons involved in the event

14. What are primary sources?
They can also be objects (artifacts) or visual evidence.
They give you an idea about what people alive at the time saw or thought about the event.

15. What are primary sources?
Keep in mind that a primary source reflects only one point of view and may contain a person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.

16. Examples of primary sources:
Printed Publications
Books, magazines, newspapers

17. Examples of primary sources:
Personal Records
Diaries, journals, records

18. Examples of primary sources:
Visual Materials
Paintings, drawings, sculpture

19. Examples of primary sources:
Visual Materials
photographs, film, maps

20. Examples of primary sources:
Oral Histories
Click on this button to hear an example of oral history >
Chronicles, memoirs, myths, legends passed down by word of mouth

21. Examples of primary sources:
Songs and Poems

22. Examples of primary sources:
Artifacts
Tools, ornaments, objects

23. What are secondary sources?
Secondary sources are made at a later time.
They include written information by historians or others AFTER an event has taken place.

24. What are secondary sources?
Although they can be useful and reliable, they cannot reflect what people who lived at the time thought or felt about the event.
But they can represent a more fair account of the event because they can include more than one point of view, or may include information that was unavailable at the time of the event.

25. Examples of secondary sources:
Textbooks, biographies, histories, newspaper report by someone who was not present

26. Examples of secondary sources:
Charts, graphs, or images created AFTER the time period.

27. Studying Geography Section 2
Physical Geography includes landforms, climate, and environment
Human Geography focuses on people and the places they live

28. DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY
ge·og·ra·phy 1 : a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth's surface Source-Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary

29. Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.
IN PLAIN ENGLISH
Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.

30. 5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

31. Five fundamental themes of geography
1) Location: the meaning of relative and absolute position on the earth's surface
Examples: Latitude and longitude, site and situation, direction, distance, scale
Skills: Map reading, identification
Questions: Where is ____? Where is ____ relative to where I am?

32. Five fundamental themes of geography
2) Place: the distinctive and distinguishing physical and human characteristics of locales
Examples: Physical and cultural landscapes, sense of place
Skills: Description, compare and contrast
Questions: What does ____ look like? Why? How is it different from ____?

33. Five fundamental themes of geography
3) Relationships within places: the development and consequences of human-environment relationships
Examples: Ecosystems, natural resources, environmental pollution
Skills: Evaluation, analysis
Questions: What human-environment relationships are occurring? How do they affect the place and its inhabitants?

34. Five fundamental themes of geography
4) Movement: patterns and change in human spatial interaction on the earth
Examples: Migration, diffusion, globalization
Skills: Explanation, prediction
Questions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?

35. Five fundamental themes of geography
5) Regions: how they form and change
Examples: volcanoes, erosion
Skills: Synthesis, application
Questions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?

36. Maps---Put this on the back of the notes
Political maps show boundaries of countries, states, and counties. They also show major cities and capital cities
Physical maps focus on the physical features of an area, such as landforms and elevation
Map keys show the meaning of symbols on a map

37. What type of map is this?

38. What type of map is this?