INTRODUCTION TO CITATIONS AND REFERENCES

1. What are citations and references? Citations are the way of identifying those resources that you include in the body of a text that are not of your own creation. This includes ideas, quotes, paraphrases, images, charts, etc. References are the way of indicating the full information concerning a resource at the end of the document

Why should we use them? Shows you have done research It shows honesty Allows the reader to find out more information Avoids plagiarism

Citing websites in apa first step Use quotation marks (“”) at the beginning and at the end of the quote: The function of basic intelligence is to provide “the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue”.

Citing websites in apa SECOND step Include information about author and date: “basic intelligence provides the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue” (Jones, 2016).

What if we don’t have author and/or date? If we don’t have the author or date, we use the title of the article in the web (also in between quotation marks) and we write “n.d” instead of the date: “basic intelligence provides the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue” (“A Brief History of Basic Intelligence and The World Factbook”, n.d). “basic intelligence provides the fundamental and factual reference material on a country or issue” (“A Brief History”, n.d.).

Citing books in apa The citation always includes the surname of the author, the year of publication and the page. For example: According to Mauk and Oakland (2009), “as the chief executive, one of the Presidet’s primary duties is to carry out foreign policy” (p. 193).

The reference section (websites) Full information of the resource Follows this structure: Surname, N. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. In Title of web. Retrieved from: URL Jones, D. (2016, Apr 30). A Brief History of Basic Intelligence and The World Factbook. In The World Factbook. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/docs/history.html

What if we don’t have author and/or date? Name of the article. (n.d.). In Title of the webpage. Retrieved from: URL A Brief History of Basic Intelligence and The World Factbook. (n.d.). In The World Factbook. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/docs/history.html

THE REFERENCE SECTION (BOOKS) Surname, Name. (Year of publication). Title. Location: Publisher. Mauk, D., & Oakland, J. (2009). American Civilization: An Introduction. New York, NY: Routledge.