CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Function of the Respiratory System
Advertisements

Respiratory System Unit 4.
Respiratory System.
1.Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). 2.Production of sound (vocal cords). 3.Pulmonary ventilation. 4. Inspiration (intercostals muscles lift.
Respiratory System Chapter 16.
1 PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill.
Respiratory System.
Respiratory System.
The Respiratory System
Respiratory System Chapter #16.
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 16.
1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CHAPTER 14 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Ch 16 Notes. IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Cellular Respiration:
Respiratory System. Functions Gas exchange = respiration [series of events that includes ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases & internal.
The Respiratory System
 Includes the tubes that remove the particles from incoming air  Transport air to and from the lungs  Respiration: gas exchange between body cells.
Respiratory System Chapter 16 Bio 160.
Chapter 16 Respiratory System  Introduction  A.The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into.
The Respiratory System Breathe in… Breathe out…. Respiration Respiration – process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells Events include:
Chapter 17 Key Terms 1 AlveoliLarynx TracheaSurfactant RespirationEpiglottis GlottisPleural Cavity InspirationBronchi BronchiolesInternal Respiration Partial.
Respiratory System Biol 105 Lecture 18 Chapter 14.
The Respiratory System Chapter 15. Human Anatomy, 3rd edition Prentice Hall, © 2001 Introduction Responsible for the exchange of gases between the body.
Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. *See PowerPoint image slides for all figures and tables.
The Respiratory System. System Overview Includes tubes that remove particles from incoming air and transport air in and out of the lungs Microscopic air.
ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 13 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by.
1 Respiratory System. Respiration external respiration internal respiration Rate of respiration breaths per min. Rate of ventilation– 6 litres.
The Respiratory System. Human Respiratory System Nose Passageway for air Mouth Passageway for food and air Epiglottis Covers larynx during swallowing.
Respiratory System Chapter 19. I. Introduction The respiratory system consists of ________that _____________________ and ____________ it into the microscopic.
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Presented by: Abdul Mannan M.Tech Biomedical.
 Be sure to check the absent folder if you have been absent!  Last day to Make up Blood/Cardiovascular System Exam will be Wednesday. After that it will.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CHAPTER 16. WORD ROOTS Alveol- (small cavity) Ex. Alveolus: microscopic air sac within the lung Bronch- (windpipe) Ex. Bronchus:
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System. Organs of the Respiratory system  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs – alveoli.
Respiratory System.
Organs of the Respiratory System. Introduction Respiration ▫ Entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells ▫ Includes:  1. movement.
Chapter 23: Respiratory System. 4 Parts of Respiration Ventilation – the movement of air into and out of the lungs External gas exchange – between the.
Chapter 16 Respiratory System.
RESPIRATORY SYTEM Anatomy & Physiology.
Do Now Read the article and answer the questions.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
The Respiratory System
Do Now Read the article and answer the questions.
J. Hinson Human Anatomy and Physiology January 2007
Respiratory System Chapter #16.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
The Respiratory System
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM *Gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
RESPIRATORY SYTEM Anatomy & Physiology.
Respiratory System – Chapter 8
The Respiratory System
NOTES: Respiratory System (UNIT 7) Part 1 – Organs of the Respiratory System *The respiratory system includes tubes that remove particles from incoming.
Respiratory System Function---remove particles from the air, transports Oxygen to the air sacs and removes Carbon Dioxide.
Respiratory System Chapter 16
Respiratory System Unit 4.
NOTES: Respiratory System (UNIT 7 part 2) – Breathing Mechanism
Organs of the Respiratory system
The Respiratory System
Respiratory System SC.912.L Describe the histology of the respiratory system. SC.912.L Describe the physiology of the respiratory system.
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
The Respiratory System
RESPIRATORY ORGANS LAB #42.
CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Anatomical And Physiological of respiratory system
The Respiratory System
Presentation transcript:

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology David Shier Jackie Butler Ricki Lewis Created by Lu Anne Clark Professor of Science, Lansing Community College Chapter 16 Lecture Outlines* *See PowerPoint image slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes”.

Chapter 16 Respiratory System

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction  A. The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged. The respiratory membrane consists of two thicknesses of epithelial cells and basement membranes.

Organs of the Respiratory System  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Organs of the Respiratory System  A. The organs of the respiratory tract can be divided into two groups: the upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx), and the lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs). The organs of the upper respiratory tract are located outside the thorax.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Nose 1. The nose, supported by bone and cartilage, provides an entrance for air in which air is filtered by coarse hairs inside the nostrils.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Nasal Cavity 1. The nasal cavity is a space posterior to the nose that is divided medially by the nasal septum. 2. Nasal conchae divide the cavity into passageways that are lined with mucous membrane, and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by ciliary action, swallowed, and carried to the stomach where gastric juice destroys any microorganisms in the mucus.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Paranasal Sinuses 1. Sinuses are air-filled spaces within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull. 2. These spaces open to the nasal cavity and are lined with mucus membrane that is continuous with that lining the nasal cavity. 3. The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull and serve as a resonant chamber to affect the quality of the voice.

1. The pharynx is a common passageway for air and food. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. E. Pharynx 1. The pharynx is a common passageway for air and food. 2. The pharynx aids in producing sounds for speech.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. F. Larynx 1. The larynx is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx. 2. It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords. Blue box pg 432—Laryngitis is a potentially dangerous condition because it may cause obstruction of the airway.

a. The upper pair is the false vocal cords. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4. Inside the larynx, two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane make up the vocal cords. a. The upper pair is the false vocal cords. b. The lower pair is the true vocal cords.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. c. Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch, while increasing the loudness depends upon increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal cords.

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5. During normal breathing, the vocal cords are relaxed and the glottis is a triangular slit. 6. During swallowing, the false vocal cords and epiglottis close off the glottis. The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. G. Trachea 1. The trachea extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left bronchi. 2. The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles. 3. The tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. H. Bronchial Tree 1. The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes leading from the trachea to the alveoli. 2. The bronchial tree begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. The walls of the alveoli are composed of simple squamous epithelium. 4. The procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree is called bronchoscopy.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. I. Lungs 1. The right lung is larger and is divided into 3 lobes where the left is smaller and only has 2 lobes.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. Visceral pleura is the layers of serous membrane that is firmly attached to the surface of the lung. 4. The visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by surface tension. 5. The potential space between the pleural membranes is called the pleural cavity.

Breathing Mechanism  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Breathing Mechanism  A. Ventilation (breathing), the movement of air in and out of the lungs, is composed of inspiration and expiration. B. Inspiration 1. Atmospheric pressure is the force that moves air into the lungs. 2. When pressure on the inside of the lungs decreases, higher pressure air flows in from the outside.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. Air pressure inside the lungs is decreased by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity; due to surface tension between the two layers of pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand. 4. Muscles involved in expanding the thoracic cavity include the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 5. As the lungs expand in size, surfactant keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other so they do not collapse when internal air pressure is low. Blue box pg 437—The condition of newborns called respiratory distress syndrome is caused by lack of surfactant. Surfactant is a substance secreted by cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Expiration 1. The forces of expiration are due to the elastic recoil of lung and muscle tissues and from the surface tension within the alveoli. 2. Forced expiration is aided by thoracic and abdominal wall muscles that compress the abdomen against the diaphragm.

Emphysema-Topic of interest pg 439 Lung cancer pg 439 What does lung cancer develop from? Pg 440 Top blue box Pneumothorax

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

D. Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacities CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Respiratory Air Volumes and Capacities 1. The measurement of different air volumes is called spirometry, and it describes four distinct respiratory volumes. 2. One inspiration followed by expiration is called a respiratory cycle; the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle is the tidal volume. During forceful expiration, the air that can be expelled from the lungs in addition to the tidal volume is called expiratory reserve volume.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible is a measurement of the vital capacity.

Control of Breathing  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control of Breathing  A. Normal breathing is a rhythmic, involuntary act even though the muscles are under voluntary control.

1. Blue box pg 441—What cannot be measured using a spirometer. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Respiratory Center 1. Blue box pg 441—What cannot be measured using a spirometer. 2. The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and the pons of the brainstem. Breathing rate is most likely to increase if the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. The receptors of the inflation reflex are most sensitive to stretch. 4. Hyperventilation is the voluntary increase in the rate and depth of breathing. 5. Carbon dioxide is sometimes added to the air that a patient breathes in order to increase the rate and increase the depth of breathing. 6. Hyperventilation is most likely to be accompanied by a decrease in blood carbon dioxide and the increase in pH.

Alveolar Gas Exchanges  CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Alveolar Gas Exchanges  A. The alveoli are the only sites of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood. B. Alveoli 1. The alveoli are tiny sacs clustered at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts.

C. Respiratory Membrane CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Respiratory Membrane 1. The respiratory membrane consists of the epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers. 2. Gas exchange occurs across this respiratory membrane.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

D. Diffusion across the Respiratory Membrane CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. D. Diffusion across the Respiratory Membrane 1. Gases diffuse from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. 2. Gas exchange between the air in the alveoli and the blood in nearby capillaries occurs primarily by diffusion. 3. Air is 21% oxygen. 4. Within a mixture of gases, the pressure created by each gas is called its partial pressure.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Gas Transport  A. Gases are transported in association with molecules in the blood or dissolved in the plasma.

Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. B. Oxygen Transport 1. Over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin of red blood cells, producing oxyhemoglobin. 2. Oxyhemoglobin is unstable in areas where the concentration of oxygen is low, and gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas. Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen.

C. Carbon Dioxide Transport CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. C. Carbon Dioxide Transport 1. Carbon dioxide may be transported dissolved in blood plasma, as carbaminohemoglobin (when carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions. 2. Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate.

Carbonic anyhydrase causes carbon dioxide to react with water. CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. When carbon dioxide reacts with water in the plasma, carbonic acid is formed slowly, but instead much of the carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds this reaction. Carbonic anyhydrase causes carbon dioxide to react with water.