Preview p. 86 Imagine a good friend of yours has approached you about a problem he or she has developed recently. This friend describes several symptoms, including increased feelings of depression, crying spells, loss of interest in usual activities, and changes in sleep and eating patterns. We will assume that you have asked enough questions to conclude that this person is clinically depressed. Assume the role of therapist and develop a list of some possible interventions.

Therapy Chapter 17 pp. 684-699 NB p.87 Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Psychoanalysis Aim to reveal and resolve conflicts are repressed into the unconscious Help client gain an understanding of conclifts in unconscious. Show clients how unconscious conflicts affect their thinking and behavior. Meet several times a week over the course of several years.

Psychodynamic Methods Free association Resistance Dream interpretation manifest content- conscious memory latent content- impulses, wishes, fantasies Freudian slips- accidental statements that may reveal unconscious thoughts. Transference

Contemporary Psychoanalysis Interpersonal therapy helps clients cope with present problems and situations

Humanistic Therapy Emphasizes striving for and reaching human potential. Self-concept is most important. Disorders develop when growth is stopped.

Client-Centered Therapy Unconditional positive regard (acceptance) Empathy (active listening) Congruence (genuineness)

Listening Empathically Handout 13-3

Active Listening Possible talking points: Fabricate a story about how you got in a car wreck and got a ticket. Tell feelings about the police officer, the other car, etc. You got a new job. Tell the details about the job and how you feel about it, the boss, co-workers, etc. You broke up with a girl/boy friend. Tell why/ how you felt about it. Tell how you feel about school, the teachers, the homework, grading, friends, sophomores, popular kids, etc. Tell how you feel about Christmas (good or bad). Some memories or traditions that you have.

Behavior Therapy Psychological problems originate from learned behaviors Replace maladaptive behaviors with constructive ones.

Behavior Techniques Counterconditioning: the learning of a new conditioned response that is the opposite of the original learned response. (Mary Cover Jones Systematic desensitization: gradual learning of a new conditioned response that will replace established maladaptive response such as fear or anxiety. virtual reality graded exposure Exposure techniques- flooding Aversive conditioning: associate unwanted behavior with unpleasant feeling. Behavior modification- operant conditioning; token economies

Cognitive Therapy Teaches new more adaptive ways of thinking and acting Especially helpful for treating depression and anxiety.

Cognitive Distortions All-or nothing thinking: absolute categories Overgeneralization: negative event -> never ending patterns of defeat Discounting the positives Jumping to conclusions Emotional reasoining “Should” statements

Correcting Cognitive Distortions Identify the distortion: write down negative thoughts Examine the evidence Talk to yourself in the same way that you would talk to a friend Experiment to test the validity of your thought. Think in shades of gray Survey others about their attitudes Reattribution Cost-benefit analysis of feelings

Cognitive Therapy Albert Ellis- Rational emotive behavior therapy Distorted expectations and irrational beliefs contribute to psychological disorders ABC model Example Activating Event (A) The individual can’t find a date to the prom Belief (B) “I guess nobody likes me enough to go with me to the prom” Consequences (C) Feelings of depression

Group Therapy Allows one or more therapists to work with several people at the same time, observing social and interaction skills. Family therapy makes each member aware of how he or she is part of the family Couples therapy makes each person aware of the other person’s concerns

Process p.86 Without trying to play therapist, how might you use the helping principles discussed in this chapter with a friend who is anxious?