1. Ch Therapy

2. What types of psychological therapies are there?
Psychoanalysis
Humanistic therapy
Behavior therapy
Cognitive therapy
Group & family therapy

3. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
Assumes problems are created by childhood memories, impulses and conflicts
Psychoanalysis brings these childhood memories and conflicts into consciousness to be “worked through” and resolved.

4. Psychoanalysis (cont.)
Therapist uses “free association” (say what comes to mind) and dream analysis (interpretation of latent content of dreams) to get at repressed impulses.
Problems with psychoanalysis
Difficult to determine effectiveness scientifically
Too lengthy - takes years with several sessions a week.

5. Humanistic Therapy Client Centered Therapy Carl Rogers
Emphasizes your potential for self fulfillment
Focus on the present, not the past
Conscious not unconscious
You are responsible for your actions.

6. Client Centered Therapy (cont.)
Unconditional positive regard
I accept what you say without judgment
Active listening
Paraphrasing -Restate the ideas in your own words.
Invite clarification - Do you have an example? I want to understand.
Reflect feelings - “That sounds frustrating?”

7. Client Centered Therapy (cont.)
Results
As therapist reflects unconditional positive regard (acceptance), the clients begins to accept themselves and feel valued.

8. Behavior Therapy
Views problems as learned behavior, not based on unresolved childhood conflicts
Applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behavior.

9. Classical conditioning
Bedwetting alarm pad

10. Systematic Desensitization
You can not be both relaxed and have high anxiety
Paring relaxation with what creates fear
Spider example

11. Aversive conditioning
Associates negative behavior with negative feelings
Mother spanks child for running into the street
Pedophiles & shock
Alcohol & nausea

12. Token economy Reward for positive behavior
When patient makes his bed, he gets a token (plastic coin) that can be exchanged for candy, T.V. viewing, etc.

13. Cognitive therapy

14. Cognitive therapy Assumes: Thinking effects feelings
Event - your mind - your response
E.g. self-blame and overgeneralization of negative events creates depression.

15. Cognitive therapy

16. Cognitive therapy

17. Group and Family Therapy
Group therapy
people
Often as effective as individual therapy
Cheaper
Allows a social content
Feedback from others
You are not alone

18. Group and Family Therapy (Cont.)
Support groups
Not quite the same as group therapy
No “therapist” - members support each other with a director
Family therapy
No person is an island
The family is the patient - not just the person with the “symptoms”.

19. Evaluating Psychotherapies

20. How effective are psychotherapies?
Regression toward the mean
Will people get better anyway?
The tendency for unusual events to return to normal

21. Alternative Therapies
Light Exposure Therapy
For seasonal affective Disorder (SAD)
Winter depression
Light boxes used in the morning appear to be effective.

22. Biomedical therapies

23. Effectiveness of drug therapies
Placebo effect
You get what you expect
If you think something will help, often it does.
Double blind technique
Used to determine the extent of the placebo effect.
Separating the direct effect of the drug from the expectations of its effectiveness.
E.g. Testing antianxiety medication.