Infants, Children, and Adolescents Laura E. Berk 6th edition Chapter 3 Prenatal Development This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Why Have Children?

Relationship of Birth Order to Intelligence

Advantages and Disadvantages of a One-Child Family

American Mothers Getting Older Check to see if Figure 3.2 is updated

Conception and Implantation

Periods of Prenatal Development Length Key Events Zygote 2 weeks Fertilization Implantation Start of Placenta Embryo 6 weeks Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop Heart begins beating Fetus 30 weeks “Growth and finishing”

The Placenta and Umbilical Cord

Discussion Would you recommend that expectant mothers provide their fetuses with certain kinds of stimulation to enhance later mental development? Why or why not? ?

Sensitive Periods in Prenatal Development

Prenatal Environmental Influences: Teratogens Teratogen—any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. Dose Heredity Other negative influences Age

Prenatal Development and Later Health Low Birth Weight Greater chance of Heart Disease Stroke Diabetes High Birth Weight Greater chance of breast cancer

Relationship of Birth Weight to Breast Cancer Risk in Adulthood

Teratogens Drugs Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution Prescription Nonprescription Illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Pollution Infectious Disease

Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again? Accutane—toxic to developing organisms Efforts to control its damaging prenatal risks include: Restriction of this and other drugs for the treatment of severe conditions. Improved public and patient education. Interventions that promote widespread, effective contraceptive use.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Criteria for Diagnosis

The Effects of Environmental Pollution More than 75,000 chemicals are in common use in the United States, and many new pollutants are introduced each year. Many babies are “born polluted” by chemicals that can impair development and increase the chances of life-threatening diseases and health problems later on.

Effects of Some Infectious Diseases During Pregnancy

Maternal Factors in Healthy Prenatal Development Exercise Nutrition Prevention and Treatment Emotional Stress Rh Blood Factor Age Previous Births

The Effects of Emotional Stress on the Developing Fetus Stress hormones cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal heart rate and activity. Fetal neurological functioning can be permanently altered. Maternal emotional stress predicts anxiety, short attention span, anger, aggression, and overactivity among preschoolers and young children above and beyond the impact of other risk factors. Stress-related prenatal complications can be greatly reduced when mothers receive the support of family members and friends.

Birth Complications Increase After Age 40

Expectant Mothers with Late or No Prenatal Care

Reasons Women Delay Prenatal Care Financial Hardship Situational Barriers Personal Barriers Many are engaging in high-risk behaviors that they do not want to reveal to health care professionals.

Culturally Sensitive Prenatal Care Promotes Healthy Pregnancies Low-SES ethnic minority expectant and new mothers were not receiving warm prenatal care and expressed difficulty getting questions answered. Group prenatal care offers a sensitive alternative.

Preparing for Parenthood Expectant Parents: Seek information Get to know the baby as a reality Look for models of effective parenthood Adjust couples’ relationships