Residential Building Energy Standards (RBES) and Commercial Building Energy Standards (CBES) Updates Better Buildings by Design Conference - February 10, 2011 Navigant Consulting, Inc. (Consultants to Vermont DPS)

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Agenda Background and legislative history Stu Slote Residential Building Energy Standards (RBES) Lee Wood Q & A Commercial Building Energy Standards (CBES) Tim Guiterman

RBES Update Process Code Update Process Last Update: 2003 VT RBES ARRA Requirements: 2009 IECC May 27, 2009 - legislature adopted Act 45 Stakeholder meetings held to gather feedback Advisory Committee meetings DPS filed rule with ICAR (Interagency Committee on Administrative Rules) DPS held public hearing LCAR to conduct hearing and vote on rule Rule to be adopted 15 days after filed RBES handbook update

CBES Update Process Last Update: 2005 VT CBES ARRA Requirements: 2009 IECC or ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) Meetings in June and July of 2010 Highlighted areas for improvement Included changes from current 2012 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2010 update processes

Overall direction for CBES Update CBES Update Process Overall direction for CBES Update Meet minimum 2009 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Add VT-specific amendments and improvements Consider substantial changes to create 2012 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1-2010 New VT CBES codebook (VT-specific version of IECC) Continue to maintain reference to ASHRAE 90.1 standard and allow that as approved compliance path Public hearing on proposed rule held Jan 27 Public comment period ended February 4 LCAR to conduct hearing and vote on rule Rule to be adopted 15 days after filed

CBES Update Process Where are Commercial Codes Headed? Source: NEEP Building Energy Codes Policy 3/1/2009

RESIDENTIAL Building energy standards (RBES)

Table of Contents Section 1: RBES Administration 2 Section 2: Major Changes to RBES

Section 1 » RBES Administration Administration and Enforcement 2003 2011 Self certification X Certificate of compliance Filing process to remain unchanged

Section 1 » RBES Administration Applicability 2003 2011 New single family homes X New multifamily homes Change in occupancy or use Change in space conditioning Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs  

Section 1 » RBES Administration Additions, alterations, renovations, or repairs Conform as with new construction Unaltered portions do not need to comply Additions can comply alone or in combination with existing building Exceptions Storm windows over existing fenestration Glass only replacements Exposed cavities already filled with insulation

Section 1 » RBES Administration Exemptions 2003 2011 Very low energy use buildings X Unconditioned buildings Existing Buildings Historic Buildings Owner Built Homes Hunting Camps

Mandatory Requirements Prescriptive Approach Section 1 » RBES Administration RBES Compliance Paths Start Mandatory Requirements Prescriptive Approach Performance Approach Either There are mandatory requirements regardless of which approach you take. We’ll be focusing on the requirements of the prescriptive approach today, which is the most rigid. If you don’t want to follow this approach, the total UA alternative offers and performance approaches offer more flexibility and trade-offs. R-Values Table 402.1.1 Total UA Alternative 402.1.4 REScheck U-Factor Alternative Table 402.1.3 HERS Rating

Table of Contents Section 1: RBES Administration 2 Section 2: Major Changes to RBES

Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Piping insulation X Vapor Retarder Mandatory Requirements 2003 2011 Piping insulation X Vapor Retarder Mechanical ventilation Combustion safety Air Sealing and verification Lighting Fenestration U-factors Programmable thermostat Duct sealing and testing Equipment sizing Snow melt system controls Pools, hot tubs and spas These are the mandatory requirements regardless of which approach you take

Component R-Value Exemptions 2003 2011 Ceiling Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Building Envelope Component R-Value Exemptions 2003 2011 R-38 if uncompressed 500 ft2 for vaulted ceilings Ceiling 38 49 Attic access hatches and doors 17” initial blow of loose‐fill cellulose for an R‐49 settled R‐value Source: US DOE

Building Envelope Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component R-Value Notes 2003 2011 R-20 cavity or R-13 cavity + R-5 sheathing Wood Frame Wall 13 20 or 13 + 5 2”x 6” wall with high density FG batt Source: DOE

Basement or Crawlspace Wall Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Building Envelope Component R-Value Notes 2003 2011 R-15 continuous or R-20 cavity Basement or Crawlspace Wall 13 15 / 20 2x6 with FG batt and air barrier 3” rigid XPS on exterior or interior if gypsum board is Installed Source: Building Science Corp

Building Envelope Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component R-Value Notes 2003 2011 Heated slabs must have R-15 beneath entire slab Slab Edge 10, 4ft 15, 4ft Source: Building Energy Codes Program

Fenestration Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component Window U-Factor Skylight U-Factor 2003 2011 Fenestration 0.40 0.32 NR 0.55 Notes Area-weighted averages 15 ft2 of glazing exempt One opaque door exempt

Air Leakage Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component RBES 2003 No testing requirements Test: < 5 ACH@50 Visual Inspection Checklist Source: RBES Handbook

Spillage Testing Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component RBES 2003 No testing requirements Must establish draft without spillage within two minutes Tested according to BPI gold standard or similar method Whenever changes made that will affect spillage Source: Saturn Resource Management

Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Temperature Controls Component RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Programmable Thermostat No requirement MANDATORY Lighting Component RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Lighting No requirement 50% of lamps in permanent fixtures high-efficacy

Ducts Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES No verification requirement COMPONENT RBES 2003 RBES 2011 Duct Sealing No verification requirement Must be verified by:* Post-construction test: Leakage to outdoors < 6 cfm per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area (CFA) Rough-in test: Total leakage < 3 cfm per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area (CFA) Duct Insulation R-8 Same R-value as surrounding surfaces* IECC 2009 requires that duct leakage must be tested unless ducts are within conditioned space. RBES 2011 also requires ducts to be insulated to the same level as adjoining surfaces, unless located within conditioned space. So, these requirements are encouraging you to locate ducts within conditioned space and save yourself these insulating and sealing hassles. -Various means of verifying – duct blower, flow meter, flow hood, etc * Unless located within conditioned space

Mechanical Ventilation Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Mechanical Ventilation COMPONENT 2003 2011 Balanced systems X Exhaust-only systems Supply-only systems Supply only systems are rarely used in VT and can lead to moisture damage and indoor air-quality problems as warm moist air is pushed into building cavities where it condenses.

Domestic Hot Water Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES COMPONENT Piping Insulation Varied R-3 Source: Saturn Resource Management

Other Requirements Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES COMPONENT Snow Melt Systems No requirements Mandatory automatic controls Pool Heaters Mandatory on / off switch Pool Covers (heated pools) Pool cover required R-12 minimum for hot tubs and spas Heater on/off switch to allow for turning off w/out adjusting thermostat Timers allow for pre-set schedule of on/off

Log Homes Section 2 » Major Changes to RBES Component 2003 2011 Basement Wall U-Factor 0.10 0.05 Floor U-Factor 0.033 0.026 Ceiling U-Factor 0.020 Fenestration U-Factor 0.40 0.30 Standard for design and construction of log homes - structural, thermal, and settling provisions Basement: R-20 Floor: R-38 Ceiling: R-49 Log walls must comply with ICC400 with average minimum wall thickness of 5” or greater, and have heating system AFUE of 90% (gas) or 85% (oil). Boilers must have outdoor temperature reset or thermal purge control.

Questions?

Commercial Building energy standards (CBES)

CBES Presentation » Overview Key Items Details on code update Administration Definitions General Requirements Envelope Mechanical Systems Service Water Heating Electrical Power and Lighting

CBES Presentation » Key Items 2012 IECC and ASHRAE 90.1-2010 recently finalized in Fall 2010 Significant changes to 2012 IECC initiated by joint proposals Department of Energy (DOE) New Buildings Institute (NBI) American Institute of Architects (AIA) Presentation Format

Chapter 1 Administration

Introduction to Compliance Process Must the Project Comply with the IECC? Comply with the Envelope Requirements Comply with the Mechanical/SWH Requirements Comply with the Power & Lighting Requirements Section 502 90.1 Section 5 Sections 503 and 504 90.1 Section 6 Section 505 90.1 Section 9 Document Compliance with the IECC Plan Review Inspection

Chapter 1 » Administration 101.2 Scope Code does not apply to farm structures or process applications (equipment / systems) 101.5 Compliance Exempt Buildings Low energy buildings (<3.4 Btu/h*ft2 for space conditioning) Unconditioned buildings Inflatable buildings Context: Re-organizes exemptions from 2005 CBES. Inflatable & Unconditioned buildings added.

Chapter 1 » Administration 101.4.3 : Alterations, Additions, Renovations and Repairs If energy use is not increased, following need not comply Re-roofing where neither sheathing nor insulation is exposed Alterations that replace < 50% of luminaires Alterations that replace only bulb and ballast Context: New in 2009 IECC

Chapter 1 » Administration 103: Construction Documents Added: Additional information required on construction documents Design ambient temperatures; interior temps. for heating / cooling modes; relative humidity setpoints; ventilation rates Added: Additional info. required on mechanical equipment schedules Equipment efficiencies; Fan and pump nameplate motor / brake horsepower; Hydronic system (if applicable) supply / return water design temps. for boilers and all terminal devices (e.g. baseboards, unit ventilators, etc); Steam system (if applicable) design pressure for boilers and all terminal devices Context: Rarely included, but useful information for code review, commissioning, future energy audits, etc.

Chapter 2 Definitions

Chapter 2 » Definitions Added FENESTRATION PRODUCT, SITE-BUILT BUILDING ENTRANCE F-FACTOR BUILDING SITE HIGH-EFFICACY LAMPS CONTINUOUS AIR BARRIER. LINER SYSTEM (Ls) CONTINUOUS INSULATION (C.I.) METAL FRAMING CURTAIN WALL METAL FRAMING, ENTRANCE DOOR DAYLIGHT ZONE DEMAND CONTROL VENTILATION (DCV) METAL FRAMING, FIXED NONMETAL FRAMING ENTRANCE DOOR NAMEPLATE HORSEPOWER FENESTRATION PRODUCT, FIELD-FABRICATED STOREFRONT Context: Definitions complement new/revised sections of code. Many are new in 2009 IECC and some from 2012 IECC.

Chapter 3 General Requirements

Chapter 3 » General Requirements 301: Design Conditions 2005 CBES: broad allowance for adjustments 2011 CBES: adjustments for Winter heating design temperatures for projects located at either: Elevation of 1,500 feet or higher Caledonia, Essex or Orleans counties 2. As approved by code official or other authority having jurisdiction Context: Improve language from 2005 VT CBES which allowed adjustments for “local design conditions”

Section 502 Building Envelope

Building Envelope 502.2.1: Roof Assembly Added: Requirement to insulate skylight and mechanical curbs to at least R-5 Context: Skylight curbs included in proposal for 2012 IECC. Mechanical curb recommended by TAP.

Building Envelope Table 502.2 (1) Envelope Tables Envelope R-Values/U-Factors only for Vermont Climate Zone (CZ) 6 Added additional metal building description and U-factor reference tables Maximum Vertical fenestration area is 40% of above-grade wall area, same as 2009 IECC. 2005 CBES was 50% maximum

R - 30 + R - 5ci (with R - 5 thermal blocks) Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Roofs 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 Roof: Insulation entirely above deck R - 24 ci U - 0.040 R - 20 ci U - 0.048 R - 30 ci U - 0.032 Metal Buildings R - 19 + R - 10 or R - 30 U - 0.051 R - 13 + R - 19 U - 0.049 R - 11 + R - 13ci U - 0.045 Steel Joist R - 30 + R - 5ci (with R - 5 thermal blocks) U - 0.027 N / A Attic and other R - 38 U - 0.27 Note Version sent out said R-5. R-3 is correct.

Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Walls-Above Grade 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 Mass R - 9.5 ci U - 0.104 R - 13.3 ci U - 0.080 Metal building R - 19 or R - 6 + R - 13 U - 0.070 R - 13 + R - 5.6 ci U - 0.069 R - 11 + R - 6.5 ci U - 0.054 Metal-framed R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci U - 0.064 Wood-framed and other R - 19 or R - 12 ci or R - 13 + R - 3.8 ci U - 0.051 R - 13 + R - 7.5 ci or R - 20 + R - 3.8 ci or R - 23 2005 VT CBES-Equal to 2009 IECC

Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Walls-Below Grade 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 Below Grade Wall R - 10 ci C - 0.092 R - 7.5 ci C - 0.119 Note: VT was already ahead of 2009 IECC. Recommendation to maintain current 2005 VT CBES values.

Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Floors 2005 CBES 2009 IECC / 90.1-2007 2011 Mass R - 10ci U - 0.074 R - 12.5 ci U - 0.064 Joist / Framing-Metal* R - 30 U - 0.038 U - 0.033 Joist / Framing-Wood and Other* You have to look at the balance of assemblies for floors.  See Appendix A of Standard 90.1 for descriptions and tables.  A steel joist floor with R-38 is listed as 0.032 in Table A5.3.  This includes not only the thermal bridging of the joists, but also interior and exterior air films (total of R-1.38), R-1.23 for carpet and pad, R-0.25 for a 4” concrete slab and R-0 for a metal deck.  A wood joist floor with R-38 is listed as U-0.026 in Standard 90.1-2007 (Table A5.4), so there may be some minor round-off.  This includes the resistance of a 13.25” wood joist, the same air films, the same carpet and pad, and R-0.94 for ¾” wood subfloor.  The big difference is the wood subfloor is better than the concrete slab.  Bottom line is that metal joist floors and wood joist floors are not assumed to have the same overall construction.  There are more differences than just the joists.  *Note: Final version will consolidate 2 categories into one, per 2009 IECC

R - 10 for entire slab (under slab and perimeter) Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Slab-on-Grade Floors* 2005 CBES 2009 IECC/ 90.1-2007 2011 Unheated R - 10 for 48 inches F - 0.64 R - 10 for 24 inches below F - 0.55 F - 0.48** Heated R - 10 for entire slab (under slab and perimeter) R - 15 for 24 inches below F - 0.86 The insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab for a minimum distance as shown in the table or to the top of the footing, whichever is less, or downward to at least the bottom of the slab and then horizontally to the interior or exterior for the total distance shown in the table * Insulation shall be placed on the exterior of the foundation ** Change to F-Value from 2005 CBES to reflect vertical installation (Or downward to bottom of slab and then horizontally for total distance shown in table)

Upward-Acting or Sectional Building Envelope - Opaque Assemblies Opaque Doors 2005 CBES 2009 IECC/ 90.1-2007 2011 Swinging U - 0.50 U - 0.70 U - 0.37 Roll-Up or sliding R - 10 Upward-Acting or Sectional N / A Note: The insulation shall extend downward from the top of the slab for a minimum distance as shown in the table or to the top of the footing, whichever is less, or downward to at least the bottom of the slab and then horizontally to the interior or exterior for the total distance shown in the table Note: 2009 IECC / ASHRAE 90.1 only provides U-Factors Upward-Acting or Sectional is new and unique to VT code

Building Envelope - Fenestration Category 2005 CBES 2009 IECC 2011 CBES Vertical Fenestration (Maximum %) 50% 40% Framing Materials other than Metal with or without Metal Reinforcement or Cladding U-0.35 Metal framing with or without Thermal Break   Curtain Wall/Storefront U-0.45 U-0.42 Entrance Door U-0.80 All Other U-0.50 U-0.55 SHGC-All Frame Types PF < 0.25 U-0.40 0.25 < PF < 0.5 NR PF >= 0.5 Skylights (Maximum %) 5% 3% Skylights, Glass U-0.60 SHGC-0.40 Skylights, Plastic Plastic Not Specified SHGC-0.62

Building Envelope 502.4. Air Leakage Context 2005 CBES and 2009 IECC: broad language 2011 CBES: Mandatory continuous air barrier Air barrier compliance options Option 1: Materials Option 2: Assemblies Option 3: Building Test (0.31 cfm/ft2 of shell area @ 50 Pa) Air Barrier penetrations-explicit language on air sealing Fenestration air leakage table Context Substantial part of joint DOE/NBI/AIA proposal to 2012 IECC Originally adapted from MA building code, so “field-tested” and regionally appropriate

Building Envelope 502.4.7 Vestibules Context Revised to reflect changes in proposed 2012 IECC Utilizes new definition of “Building Entrance” VT - specific: If vestibule is tempered, max temperature setting of 55° F; Cooling prohibited If tempered, shall be constructed according to envelope provisions If tempered, thermostat shall be programmable and inaccessible to public Context Improved language from model IECC codes TAP recommended changes due to extensive issues with energy use due to heating and cooling of vestibules

Section 503 Building Mechanical Systems

Building Mechanical Systems Overview of changes due to 2009 IECC Revises equipment efficiency tables for water-chilling packages; minimum equipment efficiencies changed Requires snow melt control Requires demand control ventilation (DCV) for certain spaces Removes exception for energy recovery ventilation for lab fume hood systems ≤ 15,000 cfm Lowers the system capacity for economizer requirement for most climate zones Introduces fan power limitations Introduces supply air temperature reset controls for multiple-zone systems

Building Mechanical Systems 503.1.2 Electric Resistance Space Heating Prohibition on electric resistance space heating Carried over from 2005 VT CBES 503.2.5 Ventilation References ASHRAE 62.1-2007 rather than IMC Added language emphasizing ventilation rates to be based on expected occupancy levels versus default IMC / ASHRAE 62.1 rates Context Important prohibition on electric resistance heating that has worked for VT 2. Prevents designers from using worst-case ventilation rates when better information is available

Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.5.2: Demand Controlled Ventilation 2005 CBES had no DCV requirement 2011 CBES (2009 IECC): DCV must be provided for each zone with spaces > 500 ft² and average occupant load > 40 people / 1000 ft² of floor area where HVAC system has: An air-side economizer, or Automatic modulating control of outdoor air damper, or Design outdoor airflow > 3,000 cfm Changed from 2006 IECC. Demand control ventilation (DCV): ventilation system capability that provides for automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design rates when actual occupancy of spaces served by system is less than design occupancy

Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.7: Duct and Plenum Insulation and Sealing 2005 CBES (Also 2009 IECC): Minimum R-5 (unconditioned space) and R-8 (outside building) 2011 CBES : “All supply and return ducts located in unconditioned spaces shall be insulated to meet same R-value requirement that applies to immediately proximal surfaces.” Context: Altered to align with RBES Public comments raised to address this language Clarify Feasibility Changed from 2006 IECC.

Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.10: Systems Performance Verification and Completion Buildings ≥ 50,000 SF Requirements for independent, third-party commissioning agents to perform basic functional testing to verify efficient “as-designed” operation of systems specified in other parts of code, limited to: Economizers VAV fan control Part-load hydronic controls Prescriptive testing requirements FAIL

Building Mechanical Systems 503.2.10 Systems Performance Verification and Completion (Continued) Context 2012 IECC dedicates separate chapter to commissioning (Cx) requirements Cx for buildings > 50K ft2 as starting point for code requirements Current proposal provides testing ground for future Cx requirements in VT, utilizing only large buildings Feedback from use of 2012 IECC and VT requirements will be helpful for next update of VT code Performance verification should ensure systems comply with code intent and operating at maximum energy efficiency Performance verification improves building performance, hopefully reduces contractor call-backs, issues

Building Mechanical Systems Revised 503.3.1 Economizers and 503.4.1 Economizers (Complex HVAC Systems) Economizers required on all systems ≥ 54,000 Btu / h (2005 CBES ≥ 65,000 Btu/h) Defined allowable economizer sequences to align w/ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Clarified section 503.4.1 using improved language from 2012 IECC proposals Design Capacity Maximum Pressure Drop Integrated Economizer Control Context Matches 2009 IECC capacity threshold Need to clarify 2005 VT CBES and Economizer sections in 2009 IECC vague National IECC code also using these changes to align w/ ASHRAE 90.1

Building Mechanical Systems 503.4.2 VAV Fan Control / 503.4.3 Hydronic Systems Controls / 503.4.3.6 Added: 503.4.2.1 Static Pressure Sensor Location language Revised: 503.4.3.4 Hydronic variable flow systems language Added: 503.4.3.6 Chilled and Hot Water Temperature Controls Context Language not in 2009 IECC but existed in ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Language taken from 90.1-2007

Section 504 Service Water heating

Service Water Heating 504.1.1 Electrical Water Heating Limitation Added: Electric service water heating units shall be limited to a maximum of 5 kW total power input Context: Carried over from 2005 VT CBESES Yes, that is David Hasselhoff

Section 505 Electrical Power and lighting systems

Electrical Power and Lighting Major changes to electrical power / lighting due to 2009 IECC Adds high-efficacy lighting requirement for dwelling units Requires separate controls for daylight zones Allows for use of photocell in tandem with other controls on certain exterior lighting applications Adds exempted lighting applications that can be excluded from total connected interior lighting power calculations Revises additional lighting power allowance calculations for retail areas Creates four exterior lighting zones based on lighting need

Electrical Power and Lighting Interior Lighting Power Allowances Building Area Method and Space by space Method included LPD values taken from proposed 2012 IECC values Context 2005 VT CBES contained both methods but 2009 IECC still only used Building Area Method 2012 IECC will have both methods 2005 VT CBES values identical to 2009 IECC 2012 IECC values include revised categories, higher efficiency for certain categories, and scaled back values for others 2011 VT CBES will be aligned with 2012 IECC and ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Electrical Power and Lighting Interior Lighting Power Allowances Changes to Building Area Method Spaces All others unchanged from 2005 CBES Some changes in space-by-space types: Revised categories, higher efficiency for certain categories, and scaled back values for others 2005 CBES 2009 IECC 2011 Office 1.0 0.9 Retail 1.5 1.4 Fire Station 0.8 Warehouse 0.6

Electrical Power and Lighting Motors and Transformers Added NEMA efficiency tables for motors Added NEMA efficiency tables for transformers Context VT CBES included these. Maintained in 2011 VT CBES. Motor tables are included in ASHRAE 90.1-2007. VT CBES included these. Maintained in 2011 VT CBES.

Questions?