Phantom Pain By: Jessica, Cassie, Krysta, Stockton

Definition Phantom pain is pain that feels like it's coming from a body part that's no longer there. Doctors once believed this post-amputation phenomenon was a psychological problem, but experts now recognize that these real sensations originate in the spinal cord and brain. Although phantom pain occurs most often in people who've had an arm or leg removed, the disorder may also occur after surgeries to remove other body parts, such as the breast, penis, eye or tongue. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/phantom-pain/DS00444

What causes Phantom Pain? The exact cause of this puzzling disorder is unclear to doctors but they do know that the pain originates in the brain and spinal cord. During imaging scans such as MRI’s (magnetic resonance imaging) or PET’s (positron emission tomography), portions of the brain that had neurologically connected to the nerves in the amputated limbs show activity when the person feels the phantom pain. http://www.google.com/imgres?sa=X&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=688&tbm=isch&tbnid=WybBVwsMSvjahM:&imgrefurl=http://www.planet-science.com/categories/over-11s/human-body/2011/05/what%27s-in-a-nerve.aspx&docid=TtWK3VdxO1CpKM&imgurl=http://www.planet-science.com/umbraco/ImageGen.ashx%253Fimage%253D/media/40873/nerve%252520cell_92039119.jpg%2526width%253D600%2526constrain%253Dtrue&w=600&h=451&ei=g5l1Ub_hEaSgiAKwy4HwCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=2&vpy=144&dur=3398&hovh=195&hovw=259&tx=117&ty=104&page=4&tbnh=142&tbnw=210&start=96&ndsp=41&ved=1t:429,r:96,s:0,i:450 What causes Phantom Pain?

Causes continued Many experts believe that the brain is getting mixed signals and that can partially explain the reason why people get phantom pain. After an amputation, the brain loses connection to the limbs because they are no longer there and adjust to this problem in unthinkable ways. The main way that the brain tells the body there is something wrong is through pain. This is mainly just a version of tangled sensory wires in the body. Although the limb is no longer there, the nerve endings at the site of the amputation continue to send pain signals to the brain that make the brain think the limb is still there. Sometimes, the brains memory of pain is retained and is interpreted as pain, regardless of signals from injured nerves..

Causes Continued Studies also show that, after an amputation, the brain may remap that part of the body's sensory circuitry to another part of the body. In other words, because the amputated area is no longer able to receive sensory information, the information is referred elsewhere — from a missing hand to a still-present cheek, for example. So when the cheek is touched, it's as though the missing hand also is being touched. Because this is yet another version of tangled sensory wires, the result can be pain.

Causes Continued A number of other factors are believed to contribute to phantom pain, including damaged nerve endings, scar tissue at the site of the amputation and the physical memory of pre-amputation pain in the affected area. But like I mentioned before, there isn’t an exact cause of phantom pain. People are still researching this and trying to come up with an answer and many solutions are thought of daily. There are so many things that happen with this disorder that make it hard to find one solution. REFERENCES: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/phantom-pain/DS00444/DSECTION=causes http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/phantom-limb-pain

Tests and Diagnosis

Tests for phantom pain Although there are not any medical tests to diagnose phantom pain doctors can look further and find information about your symptoms and circumstance’s also knowing if there was trauma or surgery before the pain started is helpful. REFERENCES: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/phantom-pain/DS00444/DSECTION=causes http://www.webmd.com/pain-management/guide/phantom-limb-pain

Diagnosis of phantom pain Though there are no tests to diagnose phantom pain, In order to get the proper treatment for your phantom pain, your doctor has to differentiate phantom limb pain from stump pain. Giving your doctor an accurate description of pain symptoms is very important because it could affect the physician's treatment decisions http://www.sharecare.com/question/how- phantom-limb-pain-diagnosed • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/phantom- pain/DS00444/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis

Treatments http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fpjzg-JjzBc

Treatments continued Mirror Therapy

Treatments continued Treatment is based on the individuals pain level. In most cases multiple treatments are combined. Treatments include: Heat Applications Biofeedback to reduce muscle tension Relaxation techniques Massage of amputated area Surgery to remove the scare tissue entangling the nerve Physical therapy Electrical nerve stimulation of limb Spinal cord/deep brain stimulation Medications such as pain medications, antidepressants, beta blockers, sodium channel blockers http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/phantom-pain/DS00444