Lesson 1 – functionalism Theory and methods Lesson 1 – functionalism

By the end of this lesson you will be able to... Identify and define the main features of functionalist view of the social system, Identify and define Merton’s contribution of the development of functionalism, Identify and evaluate the strengths and limitations of the functionalist perspective on society.

Symbolic interactionism Sociology Structural Theory Action Theory (Interpretivism) Consensus Conflict Symbolic interactionism Functionalism Marxism Feminism Theory can be said to be like looking at society through different lenses – each give it a different perspective or appearance.

STRUCTURAL THEORY

Parsons (1970) Identifies 3 similarities between society and a biological organism: System (organism such as the human body and societies are both self regulating systems of inter- related interdependent parts that fit together in fixed ways), System needs (organism have needs such as nutrition and if those are not met the organism will die), Functions ( for functionalist the function of any part of a system is the contribution it makes to meeting the systems needs thus ensuring its survival)

Have a think ? What other features do organisms have ? Do societies have these features too ?

Value consensus and social order Parsons' key question: “ How is social order possible? How are individual able to cooperate harmoniously?” Parsons argues that societal order is achieved through the existence of a shared culture, or in his words a central value system, Culture provides a framework that allows individuals to cooperate by laying down the rules about how they should behave and what others may expect of them. This defines the goals they should pursue and so on.

Integration of individuals Integration of all members of a society is crucial in order to make social order possible. Parsons believes that the system has two mechanism for ensuring that individuals conform and meet the systems needs: SOCIALISATION SOCIAL CONTROL How do those two concepts contribute to the integration of individuals within a society ?

Parts of the social system We can take a building block approach to describing Parsons’ model of the social system: Individual’s actions Governed by norms Governed by values Status – roles Positions held in society Norms which tell is how to carry out our role Society as a whole Institutions (family) Sub-systems (shops, farms, factories)

Reading task Read box 4.1 of page 221 of the A2 Sociology course book What do you make of Durkheim’s views ?

The systems needs Parsons believes that society is a system with its own needs, the shared culture system coordinates the different parts of society to ensure the needs are met. Parsons identified 4 basic needs: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency Read pages 222 of your book on the system’s needs and write a summary of the four basic needs.

Traditional societies Types of societies Parsons identifies 2 types of societies with different set of norms (traditional and modern), Traditional societies Modern societies Ascription : status based on fixed characteristics Achievement: status based on performance Diffuseness: relationships are broad with a range of purpose Specificity: relationships are narrow and limited Paricularism: norms emphasis treating people differently Universalism: norms emphasise everyone being treated the same Affectivity: immediate gratification of desires ( quitting school to start earning) Affective neutrality: deferred gratification (staying on at school) Collective orientation: putting group interest first Self orientation: individualism

Read page 223 – social change and summarise it Reading task Read page 223 – social change and summarise it

How might Merton criticise the concept of functionalism ? Merton criticism How might Merton criticise the concept of functionalism ?

A few criticism Indispensability – untested assumption of Parsons that everything in society is indispensable, Functional unity – assumptions that all part of society are integrated/ avoids the functional autonomy of some institutions, Universal functionalism – assumption that everything has a positive function for everybody however that is not the truth.

WDYT Does unemployment have a positive function for (a) society as a whole, (b) the unemployed, (c) other groups ? If so, what is it ?

Manifest and latent functions

WDYT In pairs suggest at least one latent function for each of the following: homework, holidays, criminal trials, saying your prayers, playing in an amateur football team.

External criticism - Running dictation

Home Improvement How can the functionalist perspective be improved? Why would your changes be an improvement? Who for? How long would they last?