A White Blood Cell Study: The Differential WBC Count Blood Typing Exercise 40 & 45

The Components of Blood Blood is a connective tissue 45% Formed Elements (solid portion) Blood cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets 55% Plasma (liquid portion) Clear, extra-cellular fluid

Looking at White Blood Cells Leukocytes: Granulocytes Contain granules in their cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes. Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Leukocytes: Agranulocytes Lack pronounced granules in the cytoplasm Lymphocytes Monocytes

Neutrophils Neutrophils are one of the body’s main defenses against bacteria. They kill bacteria via phagocytosis When a bacterial infection is present, an increase of neutrophils are seen

NEUTROPHIL Smaller, paler granules In the cytoplasm Characteristically lobulated With thin bridges between

EOSINOPHIL Kills parasites and involved in allergic reactions Bilobed nuclei Granules are large and Pronounced. Orange in Appearance. Kills parasites and involved in allergic reactions

BASOPHIL Function in allergic reactions. Release histamine and heparin Few in number. Dark granules. Nuclei are large and vary in shape. Function in allergic reactions. Release histamine and heparin

Lymphocytes Complex cells that direct the body's immune system. T lymphocytes are formed in the bone marrow from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, then travel to and mature in the thymus gland. B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes are different from the other WBCs because they can recognize and have a memory of invading bacteria and viruses.

LYMPHOCYTE Small lymphocytes are more abundant, have large, dense nuclei with a thin cytoplasmic layer. Large lymphocytes have an indented nuclei and more cytoplasm. Blood Platelets

MONOCYTE Largest cells found in normal blood. Nucleus may be ovoid, indented, or horseshoe- shaped. Considerably more cytoplasm than lymphocytes. Voracious phagocytes.

Neutrophil Eosinophil Monocyte & Lymphocyte Monocyte

Trypanosoma Gambiense: sleeping sickness carried by the tsetse fly Trip anna soma GAM-be-ense. Animal parasite.

Sickle Cell Anemia

Infectious Mononucleosis Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA herpes-type virus that infects B lymphocytes.

Blood Typing Blood Groups: A, B, O System Letters are describing the RBCs Group A: A antigen; B antibody Group B: B antigen; A antibody Group AB: A & B antigen; NO antibody Group O: NO antigen; A & B antibody Antigen = Agglutinogen Antibody = Agglutinins

Group A Blood = A antigen on the RBC Anti B - antibody in plasma

Group B Blood Anti A - antibody in plasma = B antigen on the RBC

Group AB NO antibody’s in plasma = A & B antigens on the RBC

Group O NO antigen on the RBC Anti A & B - antibodies in plasma

Rh Factor Presence of D antigen = Rh+ Absence of D antigen = Rh- Exposure to Rh positive blood will produce antibodies. Rh- mother carrying Rh+ fetus may be at risk endangering future pregnancies with Rh+ child.