LECTURE 7. DOMAIN Archaea  1. Diversity and Phylogeny of Archaea  2. Phylum Euryarchaeota  3. Phylum Crenarchaeota  4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota  5. Other phyla: Nanoarchaeota, Korarchaeota

1. DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF Archaea

2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Family Halobacteriaceae Extreme halophiles (>15% NaCl)

2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Thalassohaline Athalassohaline Great Salt Lake (USA) Dead Sea (Jordan-Israel) Solar salterns Lake Wadi Natrum (Egypt) Soda lake

2. Phylum Euryarchaeota Cyanobacteria 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Dunaliella Archaea – Bacteria Fungi (black yeasts)

HALORHODOPSIN (light driven chloride pump) 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Osmoadaptation HALORHODOPSIN (light driven chloride pump)

2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA BACTERIORHODOPSIN (light driven proton pump) Retinal based photosynthesis

Solar salterns 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Solar salterns Bras del Port (Santa Pola, Alicante, Spain – 38º12’N, 0º36’W)

25% Solar salterns No bacterivory “Haloviruses” 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA Solar salterns No bacterivory Marine microbiota 25% Halophilic mcrobiota Salinity gradient Prokat¡ryotic diversity Virus and cell numbers “Haloviruses” Up to 1010 VLP/ml Haloquadratum walsbyi (Euryarchaeota) Salinibacter ruber (Bacteroidetes) Images property of Fernando Santos

* * * * * ** ** * 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA * Themophiles or hyperthermophiles ** Halophiles

Three types of substrates: CO2-type (plus H2) Methylated Acetate 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota METHANOGENESIS 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA Three types of substrates: CO2-type (plus H2) Methylated Acetate

2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA SINTROPHY

2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA

2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA

Anoxic oxidation of methane 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA Anoxic oxidation of methane In methane hydrates

Methanopyrus (see tree) 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.3. (HYPER)THERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA Thermoplasmatales: Thermoplasma Ferroplasma THERMOPHILIC ACIDOPHILIC NO CELL WALLS Thermococcales: Pyrococcus SULFUR REDUCERS HYPERTHERMOPHILIC Archaeoglobales: Archaeoglobus SULFATE REDUCER HYPERTHERMOPHILIC Methanopyrus (see tree) 122oC

Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters) 2. Phylum Euryarchaeota 2.4. MARINE Euryarchaeota Marine Euryarchaeota II (+ abundant) and III (aphotic area): planktonic Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters) BOTH UNCULTURED

3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

3. Phylum Crenarchaeota

Thermoproteus, Thermophilus 3. Phylum Crenarchaeota 3.1. Crenarchaeota FROM TERRESTRIAL VOLCANIC HABITATS (SOLFATARAS) Sulfolobus Thermoproteus, Thermophilus 3.2. Crenarchaeota FROM SUBMARINE VOLCANIC HABITATS (HYDROTHERMAL VENTS) Pyrolobus Pyrodictium

4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota

Marine Crenarchaeota “Marine group I” Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota Marine Crenarchaeota “Marine group I” Phylum Thaumarchaeota Although first described in the oceans, Archaea closely related to marine Thaumarchaeota and Euryarchaeota have been found in different environments

4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota Thaumarchaeota

4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota

4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota

4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.2. SOIL Thaumarchaeota

4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota

Cenarchaeum symbiosum 4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota 4.3. SYMBIOTIC Thaumarchaeota Cenarchaeum symbiosum

5. OTHER PHYLA 5.1. Phylum Korarchaeota

5. OTHER PHYLA 5.2. Phylum Nanoarchaeota Igniococcus Nanoarchaeum