Its Parts and Functions THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Its Parts and Functions

Gland & Hormone Chart Gland Hormone Destination Action 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary Posterior Anterior Oxytocin Skip 3-4 lines 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroid 5. Adrenal Medulla Cortex 6. Gonads Testes Ovaries 7. Pineal 8. Thymus 9. Pancreas Insulin Glucagon

The NERVOUS SYSTEM controls the body electrically via NERVE IMPULSES. The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM regulates the body chemically via HORMONES.

What is a GLAND? It is an organ that develops a secretion which performs specific functions.

The Endocrine System Is made up of ductless glands. “Ductless” means without tubes

HORMONES Are chemical messengers formed from substances taken from the blood. They circulate throughout the body & exert specific effects on tissues, organs or other glands located some distance away from the cells that secrete them.

PINEAL POSTERIOR PITUITARY ANTERIOR PITUITARY THYROID THYMUS ADRENALS PANCREAS OVARIES TESTIS (es)

Pituitary Gland LOCATION: found at the base of the brain DESCRIPTION: called the “master gland” because it controls most of the other endocrine glands.

The pituitary gland has two lobes: The Anterior and Posterior

Hormones Secreted by the Posterior Pituitary TARGET TISSUES Destination FUNCTION Action Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Kidney Increases water reabsorption 2. Oxytocin -Uterus -Mammary Gland -Stimulates labor ­-Initiates milk ejection

Hormones Released by the Anterior Pituitary TARGET TISSUES FUNCTION 1. Growth Hormone (GH) Most tissues Stimulates body growth 2. Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid Gland Stimulates release of T3 and T4 3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Adernal Cortex Stimulates secretion of hormones from cortex 4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Ovaries/Testis FEMALE -Promotes ovulation & hormone production MALE – Sperm production 5. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Follicles in ovary Seminiferous Tubules in Testis FEMALE – egg production MALE - sperm production 6. Prolactin (PRL) Ovary & Mammary Gland in females, testis in males Promotes lactation (low levels in males; high levels affect testosteron levels)

Thyroid Gland LOCATION: at the base of the neck (just below the larynx DESCRIPTION: soft, brownish-red organ shaped like a butterfly.

T3 T4 Hormone Destination Action Thyroxine Calcitonin Most tissues Triiodothyronine Most tissues Embryonic development; body temperature, growth, heartrate T4 Thyroxine Increases metabolism, blood pressure; regulates tissue growth Calcitonin Primarily bone Bone growth

Parathyroid Gland LOCATION: attached to the back of the thyroid gland DESCRIPTION: 2 pairs of pea-sized glands

Parathyroid Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) Bone & kidney Destination Action Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone) Bone & kidney Increases blood calcium: bone kidneys intestine

Adrenal Glands LOCATION: found above the kidneys DESCRIPTION: cone-shaped glands

MEDULLA Epinephrine Norepinephrine Hormome Destination Action MEDULLA Epinephrine (aka: adrenaline, the “emergency hormone”) Skeletal muscle Heart Blood vessels Bronchioles Short-term stress response; increased BSL, vasoconstriction, increases heart rate, blood diversion Norepinephrine

CORTEX Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Mineralocorticoids Skeletal muscle Hormome Destination Action CORTEX Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) Mineralocorticoids Skeletal muscle Heart Blood vessels Kidneys Long-term stress response; increased BSL, immune suppression

Testes LOCATION: near the penis DESCRIPTION: pair of glands that functions to produce sperm cells.

TESTES Testosterone Many male tissues & organs Hormome Destination Action Testosterone Many male tissues & organs Secondary Sexual characteristics Body/Facial hair Muscle mass Voice Etc… Testes Sperm production

Ovaries LOCATION: located on one side of the uterus DESCRIPTION: pair of glands that functions to produce egg cells/ova.

OVARIES Estrogen Progesterone Many female tissues & organ Hormome Destination Action Estrogen Many female tissues & organ 1. Secondary Sexual characteristics: Breasts Widened hips Armpit/pubic hair 2. Menstrual cycle Progesterone Uterus Menstrual cycle & pregnancy

Pineal Gland LOCATION: found near the base of the brain DESCRIPTION: outgrowth of the brain

Melatonin Brain (hypothalamus) and many tissues / organs HORMONE DESTINATION ACTION Melatonin Brain (hypothalamus) and many tissues / organs Regulates the “biological clock”, day/night cycle

Thymus Gland LOCATION: located in the upper part of the chest, below the neck DESCRIPTION: consists of 2 lobes

Thymosin Immune tissues Promotes immune system development & function; Hormone Destination Action Thymosin Immune tissues Promotes immune system development & function; Development of T lymphocytes

Pancreas LOCATION: lies behind the stomach DESCRIPTION: elongated & tapers at one end

Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Lowers blood sugar level Hormone Destination Action Insulin Liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue Lowers blood sugar level glucagon Liver Raises blood sugar level

Diagram Your diagram should already be colored & labeled and in notebook! Next to each gland, use a RED pen to identify the hormone(s) released

Notebook Assignment Research ONE endocrine disorder. Identify: NAME of disorder GLAND affected DESCRIPTION And Paste a PICTURE into notebook