1. Chapter 26 Hormones and the Endocrine System  The endocrine system –consists of all hormone-secreting cells and –works with the nervous system in regulating body activities.  Hormones are –chemical signals, –produced by endocrine glands, –usually carried in the blood. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. 26.4 The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands  Some endocrine glands (such as the thyroid) primarily secrete hormones into the blood.  Other glands (such as the pancreas) have –endocrine and –nonendocrine functions.  The following figure shows the locations and functions of the major endocrine glands. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Figure 26.4 Pineal gland (Melatonin helps regulate biological rhythms.) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Testes (in males) Ovaries (in females) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex Pancreas (Thyroid hormone affects metabolic processes; calcitonin lowers blood calcium.) (Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium.) (Androgens support sperm formation and promote development of male secondary sex characteristics.) (Estrogens stimulate uterine lining growth and promote development of female secondary sex characteristics; progestins promote uterine lining growth.) (Multiple hormones control the pituitary gland.) (Multiple hormones affect other endocrine glands and cells.) (Oxytocin stimulates mammary gland cells and contraction of uterus; antidiuretic hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys.) (Epinephrine and norepinephrine raise blood glucose, increase metabolic activities, and constrict some blood vessels.) (Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose; mineralocorticoids promote reabsorption of Na + and excretion of K + in kidneys.) (Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises blood glucose.)

4. Figure 26.4 Pineal gland (__________ helps regulate biological rhythms.) Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Testes (in males) Ovaries (in females) Hypothalamus Pituitary gland Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Adrenal glands (atop kidneys) Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex ________________ (Thyroid hormone affects metabolic processes; ____________ lowers blood calcium.) (Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium.) (____________ support sperm formation and promote development of male secondary sex characteristics.) (____________ stimulate uterine lining growth and promote development of female secondary sex characteristics; progestins promote uterine lining growth.) (Multiple hormones control the pituitary gland.) (Multiple hormones affect other endocrine glands and cells.) (Oxytocin stimulates mammary gland cells and contraction of uterus; ____________ hormone promotes retention of water by kidneys.) (___________and norepinephrine raise blood glucose, increase metabolic activities, and constrict some blood vessels.) (Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose; mineralocorticoids promote reabsorption of Na + and excretion of K + in kidneys.) (Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises blood glucose.)