1. The Endocrine System

2. The functions of the endocrine system are:
1. communication
2. integration
3. control

3. The endocrine system regulates the body by maintaining homeostasis
Homeostasis: a balanced internal environment

4. The endocrine system is composed of glands that produce hormones
Hormones are chemicals in the blood that tell all the organs what to do
We have almost 200 hormones

5. Hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and they regulate:
Growth
Development
Reproduction
Metabolism
energy

6. The endocrine system consist of 9 glands

9. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that controls and regulates those 9 endocrine glands

10. 1. Pituitary gland
It’s a small gland located on a stalk hanging from the base of the brain
Known as the “master gland”

11. The primary function is to control the activities of other glands in the endocrine system

13. Hormones controlled by the pituitary gland
A. TSH it targets the thyroid gland to release thyroxin
B. FSH
Targets the ovaries and stimulates ovarian follicle
Targets the testes and stimulates the seminiferous tubules to make sperm

14. Targets the ovaries and stimulates estrogen to trigger ovulation
C. LH [luteinizing hormone]
Targets the ovaries and stimulates estrogen to trigger ovulation
Targets the testes and stimulates testosterone

15. D. MSH it targets the skin and helps melanocytes synthesize melanin for pigmentation
E. GH stimulates the growth of organs

16. F. prolactin stimulates breast development during pregnancy
G. oxytocin
Targets breast and uterus
Stimulates labor
Stimulates release of milk into the breast ducts

17. H. ADH stimulates water retention by the kidneys

18. 2. Thyroid gland Lies in the neck below the larynx
Produces thyroxin to stimulate metabolism
Produces calcitonon which lowers blood calcium levels

20. 3. Parathyroid gland Found in the neck on back of the thyroid gland
Produces PTH which targets the bone
It decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood by reabsorbing calcium by bone cells

22. 4. Adrenal glands Found on top of the kidneys
Controls mineral salts in the blood
Increases blood sugar levels when needed during “fight or flight”; produces adrenaline

24. 5. pancreas Contains cells called Islets of Langerhan
Produces insulin to decrease glucose in the blood
Produces glucagon to increase glucose levels in the blood

27. 6. Ovaries
Produces estrogen to promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics
Produces progesterone to promote conditions required for pregnancy

29. 7. testes
Produces testosterone to promote the development and maintenance of male characteristics

31. 8. Pineal gland Located in the brain
Produces melatonin to aid in sleeping

33. 9. Thymus gland
Produces thymosin and promotes the development of the immune system

35. Feedback mechanism
Feedback mechanism is the method used by the endocrine system to regulate the level of hormones in the blood
Feedback mechanisms help to maintain homeostasis

36. How does the feedback mechanism works?
endocrine glands monitor the amount of hormones in the blood
If a certain hormone level is too low or too high, then the nervous system brings this information to the pituitary gland

37. Feedback mechanism[cont]
Then the endocrine system adjusts the amount of hormones being made or released

38. When glucose levels in the body rise, the pancreas secretes insulin
Examples
When glucose levels in the body rise, the pancreas secretes insulin
When the glucose level are too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon

39. Name an example of feedback mechanism in plants:
the closing of the guard cells and stomates to regulate water loss

40. What is the feedback mechanism order?
Pituitary gland hormone #1 gland hormone #2 body function

43. Diseases of the Endocrine system

44. A disease that results from the body not producing enough insulin or not properly using insulin

45. Grave’s Disease/hyperthyroidism
A disease in which the thyroid releases TOO much hormones; make’s a person’s metabolism overactive

46. Hypothyroidism
A disease in which the thyroid DOES NOT release enough hormones; make’s a person’s metabolism underactive

47. Goiter
A disease of the thyroid gland because of too little iodine in the diet