Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 12 Motivation

Motivation Motivation Instinct a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Motivation Drive-Reduction Theory the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

Motivation Homeostasis Incentive tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level Incentive a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied then higher-level safety needs become active then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

Motivation-Hunger Glucose the form of sugar that circulates in the blood provides the major source of energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel hunger

Motivation-Hunger Set Point Basal Metabolic Rate the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy expenditure

Motivation-Hunger Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

Motivation-Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Motivation-Hunger

Women’s Body Images

Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Extrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run.

Motivation at Work Flow Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology a completely, involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Motivation at Work Personnel Psychology Organizational Psychology sub-field of I-O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development Organizational Psychology Sub-field of I-O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

Motivation at Work Structured Interview Achievement Motivation process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants rated on established scales Achievement Motivation a desire for significant accomplishment for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard

Motivation Task Leadership Social Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Motivation Theory X Theory Y assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money workers should be directed from above Theory Y assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity

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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion

Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience

Theories of Emotion Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) To experience emotion one must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal

Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions

Two Dimensions of Emotion Positive valence Negative High arousal Low pleasant relaxation joy sadness fear anger

Emotion and Physiology Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Dries Slows Activates secretion of stress EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

Arousal and Performance Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

Emotion- Lie Detectors Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

Emotion--Lie Detectors Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Might tell a white lie; nervous Critical (Relevant) Question Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control  Lie Control > Relevant Truth

Emotion-- Lie Detectors Control question Relevant (a) (b) Respiration Perspiration Heart rate

Emotion-- Lie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

Expressed Emotion People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

Expressed Emotion Gender and expressiveness Number of expressions Men Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Number of expressions

Expressed Emotion Culturally universal expressions

Experienced Emotion The ingredients of emotion

Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

Experienced Emotion The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

Experienced Emotion Catharsis Feel-good, do-good phenomenon emotional release catharsis hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

Subjective Well-Being Experienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

Experienced Emotion Moods across the day

Experienced Emotion Changing materialism

Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person Year 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Percentage very happy Personal income

Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scores Money Love 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 Life satisfaction 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores

Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Relative Deprivation tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not Much Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness