HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Hist. Pers.

Union Growth and Decline 1897 - 1905 Increase from 3.5% - 12.3% 1905 - 1915 Stayed at about 10-11% 1915 - 1921 Increase from 11.2% - 19.6% 1922- 1933 Decrease from 19% - 11.8% 1934 - WWII Increased from about 11.8% to 21.8%

Union Growth and Decline (WWII and Since) 1945 - 29.9% 1953 - 32% 1955 - 35% Steady Decline since mid 1950’s

U.S. Unionization, Comparison of Recent Years 2005 Membership/Reprst’d 15.7M members (-3.7%) 17.2M ees repped (-5.5%) Rates 12.5% members (-13.8%) 13.7% repped (-15.4%) By sector Private nonag 7.9% members -22.5% 8.5% repped -.26.1% Public 36.5% members (-3.8%) 40.5% repped (-6.9%) 1996 Membership/Reprst’d 16.3 million members 18.2 million ees repped Rates 14.5% members 16.2% repped By sector Private nonag 10.2% members; 11.2% repped Public 37.7% members; 43.0% repped Hist. Pers.

Historical Influences on U.S. Unionism Strong Management and Employers Law and Government Policy Inability of Unions to Stay Organized Hist. Pers.

Labor History: An Overview Knights of Labor 1869 - 1890 Fast Rise and Decline Industrial Workers of the World 1905-1920 class consciousness Hist. Pers.

Modern Union Structures American Federation of Labor 1881(renamed AFL in 1886) Conservative Survival Oriented Craft Structure Congress of Industrial Organizations (1935-38) Industrial Unions 1955 Merger of AFL and CIO 2005 Change to Win Federation Teamsters - Service Employees Laborers - UFCW UNITE HERE - Carpenters Farmworker Hist. Pers.

Management Practices (Great Variation in U.S.) Industrial revolution Development of modern employment relationship Scientific management 1900- 1920’s Overt Hostility to unions Mid 1920’s to early 1930’s Welfare Capitalism and Company Unionism 1930’s to early 1950’s resistance to institutionalized adversarialism Legislation World War II Roots of modern collective bargaining system in US and Canada Hist. Pers.

Management Practices (cont.) 1950’s – 70’s Private Sector Bifurcated IR system union and nonunion Stability Public Sector Development of collective bargaining systems modeled on private sector Limitations on strike and Arbitration as strike substitute 1980s: Recession, globalization, pro-management labor relations policy Hist. Pers.

Management Practices (continued) 1980’s – business cycle and pro-employer labor policies Private unionized sector Movement toward extremes in collective bargaining Cooperation and workplace change Conflict and deunionization Traditional relationships – some concession bargaining Private nonunion sector Growing as percentage of labor force Union avoidance Evolution of the law Union avoidance industry Hist. Pers.

Management Practices (cont.) General prosperity and stability in labor policies focus on employment security, alternative work arrangements, increased union avoidance, joint partnerships 2000- Economic slowdown in ’00-03 period Retrenchment in unionized sectors Manufacturing Global competition Health care Legacy costs Government Tax cuts Hist. Pers.