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Published byStella Miranda Blankenship Modified over 7 years ago
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American Labor
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The Labor Force é Who is in the Labor Force? é 16 years or older é working é looking for work é Who is not in the Labor Force? é military é institutionalized or disabled é those who don’t work
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Labor Force – Facts and Figures 146 million persons (2003) About half of the population 13.2 % in unions Another 1.4% represented by unions
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Labor Unions Past, Present, and Future
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Highlights from History Craft Unions – skilled workers who perform same work Knights of Labor-1869 First national union of all types of workers Haymarket Riot of 1886 American Federation of Labor - 1886 Association of craft unions Opposition Danbury Hatters Case The New Deal Congress of Industrial Organizations Split off of AFL AFL-CIO - 1955
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Major Legislation Norris-LaGuardia Act – 1932 Prevented courts from rulings against unions engaged in peaceful activities Wagner Act - 1935 - National Labor Relations Act Established right of collective bargaining NLRB policed unfair labor practices Fair Labor Standards Act – 1938 First minimum wage, work-week law Prohibited oppressive child labor
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Major Legislation Taft-Hartley Act – 1947 Outlawed closed shop Limited union activities in disputes 80 day cooling off period to delay a strike Allowed States to pass right-to-work laws Landrum-Griffin Act – 1959 Regulated the finances of unions Right-to-work Laws
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Types of Union Arrangements Closed Shop Only union members will be hired Union Shop Worker must join union after being hired and remain a member Modified Union Shop Worker my voluntarily join union but must remain a member Agency Shop Don’t have to join but have to pay dues
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Basic Aims of Unions Higher wages Shorter hours Union shop Check-off Union label Job security Fringe benefits Grievance machinery
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Collective Bargaining Achieving recognition Negotiating the contract Local bargaining Pattern bargaining Industry bargaining
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Peaceful Settlements Mediation Arbitration Fact-finding Injunction and Seizure Presidential Intervention
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When Bargaining Fails Management tactics lockouts injunctions strikebreakers political activity public relations Union tactics strike picketing boycott slowdown political action
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Catagories of Workers Unskilled Labor Semiskilled Labor Skilled Labor Professional Labor Noncompeting labor grades
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Why do some jobs pay more than others? Market forces demand supply Traditional Theory of Wages Nonmarket forces
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Labor unions Theory of Negotiated Wages – bargaining strengthen raises wages Education Signaling Theory – Employers will pay more for workers with signals of ability Regional factors labor mobility, cost of living, and attractiveness of location
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Market Forces Demand for labor demand for goods and services productivity Supply Attractiveness of the job Skill required Required training Worker mobility
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Employment Trends and Issues Growing but more slowly than in the past Getting older but retiring younger Becoming more varied by gender and race
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Decline of Labor Unions General unpopularity of unions Growth of the service sector Automation Global competition Past success Givebacks and Two- tier wage systems
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Lower Pay for Women Human Capital Differences Differences in Occupations Discrimination Remedies Legislation Comparable Worth Set-Aside Contracts
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Increase in Part-Time Workers Increase in opening hours Greater flexibility in scheduling Lower costs due to reduced benefits Opposition Wages low, no benefits Denies full-time jobs Hours difficult
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Minimum Wage Advantage Provide fairness and security to workers Disadvantage Creates unemployment especially among certain groups
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