1. Labor and Unions CHAPTER 8 SECTION 1: The U.S. Labor Force
Holt Economics
4/20/2017
CHAPTER 8
Labor and Unions
SECTION 1: The U.S. Labor Force
SECTION 2: The Growth of Labor Unions
SECTION 3: Unions and Management
Chapter 8

2. Objectives: The U.S. Labor Force SECTION 1
What factors affect workers entering the labor force?
How has the U.S. labor force changed over time?
How does the U.S. government affect labor?

3. Factors affecting workers entering the labor force:
SECTION 1
The U.S. Labor Force
Factors affecting workers entering the labor force:
wages
skills
working conditions
location
intrinsic rewards
market trends

4. Changes in the U.S. labor force:
SECTION 1
The U.S. Labor Force
Changes in the U.S. labor force:
more capital-intensive
more gender-balanced
better educated

5. Ways the U.S. government affects labor:
SECTION 1
The U.S. Labor Force
Ways the U.S. government affects labor:
passing antidiscrimination laws
passing minimum-wage laws

6. Objectives: The U.S. Labor Force SECTION 2
What is the history of the labor movement in the United States?
How are labor unions organized?
What are the main challenges facing unions today?
How have government attitudes toward labor unions changed?

7. History of the U.S. labor movement:
SECTION 2
The U.S. Labor Force
History of the U.S. labor movement:
mid- and late 1880s—formation of craft and industrial unions, such as the Knights of Labor, to battle poor working conditions, low wages, and unfair length of work days
1886— beginning of the modern period of the labor movement and the organization of the American Federation of Labor

8. History of the U.S. labor movement: (continued)
SECTION 2
The U.S. Labor Force
History of the U.S. labor movement: (continued)
1900—Knights of Labor no longer a significant force
1920s—internal struggles within labor unions and antiunion sentiment emerged
1930s—organization of Congress of Industrial Organizations to represent skilled and unskilled workers

9. Organization of labor unions:
SECTION 2
The U.S. Labor Force
Organization of labor unions:
local unions—made up of people working for a particular company or in a particular area
national unions—composed of local unions from around the country
independent unions—unaffiliated with national unions

10. Challenges facing unions:
SECTION 2
The U.S. Labor Force
Challenges facing unions:
employer opposition
changes in employment patterns
negative public opinion

11. Changes in government attitudes toward labor unions:
SECTION 2
The U.S. Labor Force
Changes in government attitudes toward labor unions:
1800s—favored business interests over labor unions
early 1900s—favored labor unions and passed legislation protecting workers’ rights
since 1940s—has favored management and passed laws limiting labor union power

12. Objectives: Unions and Management SECTION 3
What major issues are discussed in labor contract negotiations?
How do unions and management reach a contract agreement?
What negotiation tactics do unions and management use?

13. Major issues discussed in labor contract negotiations:
SECTION 3
Unions and Management
Major issues discussed in labor contract negotiations:
wages and fringe benefits
working conditions
job security
union security
grievance procedures

14. Methods unions and management use to reach a contract agreement:
SECTION 3
Unions and Management
Methods unions and management use to reach a contract agreement:
collective bargaining
mediation
arbitration

15. Negotiation tactics Unions and Management SECTION 3 Unions:
picketing
boycotting
coordinated campaigning
Management:
hiring replacement workers
using lock-outs
requesting injunctions

16. CHAPTER 8
Wrap-Up
1. Explain how supply and demand affect the labor force.
2. How has the composition of the U.S. labor force changed since the 1800s?
3. Why did workers in the 1800s and early 1900s begin to organize?
4. Describe how government attitudes toward labor unions have changed over time.

17. CHAPTER 8
Wrap-Up
5. What major issues generally are addressed during labor-contract negotiations?
6. What tactics might a labor union use during contract negotiations? What tactics might management use?