Answer the examination questions – not the repeats Book 2 Attribution Starter Answer the examination questions – not the repeats

Home learning Annotate the two articles using green pen to highlight aspects of attribution theory Answer the examination questions

Home learning

Attribution

Football Challenge- Who can keep the ball up for the longest time?

MOTD Jose M

ATTRIBUTION “The perceived reasons for success or failure of an event or pattern of behaviour” (James et al 2009:186)

By the end of the lesson you will be able to answer the following questions:

Task difficulty Ability Effort Luck LOCUS OF CAUSALITY Internal External Task difficulty Ability Stable STABILITY Effort Luck Unstable

Connector Watch the following videos and note the reasons for the issues they raised: Fergie: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmvBWsmdeCU Arsene: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTWBUNT-SY4

Key words Attribution theory Locus of causality Locus of stability Locus of control Self-serving bias Learned helplessness

Attribution Individuals actively attach personal meaning to behaviour outcomes. For example, if I win a game of table tennis, I might attribute the victory to my ability or the poor table or equipment There are 4 main categories of attribution (Weiner, 1972)

Task difficulty Ability Effort Luck LOCUS OF CAUSALITY Internal External Task difficulty Ability Stable STABILITY Effort Luck Unstable

Locus of causality This dimension classifies the outcome as internal or external. Internal attributions come from within the participant. Examples include effort, concentration, fitness, ability, motivation. External attributions are anything external from the individual. Examples include the weather, officials, opponents, luck.

Stability This dimension relates to whether the cause of the outcome is consistent or will fluctuate. Stable factors might be equipment, timing, ability, opponents’ ability (depending on competition). Unstable factors might be effort, luck, officials, etc.

Weiner’s model with examples

What did they attribute their reasons towards? Fergie: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KmvBWsmdeCU Arsene: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTWBUNT-SY4

Exam tips Be able to draw and interpret Weiner’s model and make sure it is labeled correctly Describe practical examples to explain the attributions following a variety of results. To maintain a performer’s motivation you can attribute loss or failure to any other factors other than internal stable factors

Attribution retraining Make notes from page 115

Learned helplessness This term describes when a person expects to fail. This expectation is based on previous experiences of failure. They attribute failure to lack of ability (internal and stable). What is difference between global and specific learned helplessness?

Expecting to fail Whether you think you can, or you think you can’t, you’re probably right. (Henry Ford) The self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when someone expects to fail, and consequently does. Low levels of self efficacy or confidence?

How can we overcome learned-helplessness? Guarantee some success. Set short-term goals, that are somewhat challenging but that will be achieved relatively quickly. Give positive reinforcement. Give lots of encouragement. While rewards can be used, the coach should focus on enhancing intrinsic motivation, self-esteem, and self-efficacy. What are the 3 most effective strategies? Pg 191

Summary Attribution is the process of identifying what caused an outcome. How we attribute outcomes will influence our self-efficacy and motivation. Sustained negative attribution could lead to low self-esteem and learned helplessness. Failure should be attributed to external, unstable, or uncontrollable factors. Success should be attributed to internal, stable, or controllable factors.

Exam questions 2006

Exam answers - 2006