1. Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory. Mr. P. Leighton St Mary’s 6 th Form College.

2. After today’s session… You will have a deep understanding of Achievement Motivation which includes… You will have a deep understanding of Achievement Motivation which includes… –NAF and NAch. –Competitiveness. –Learned Helplessness. You should also understand Attribution theory which includes… You should also understand Attribution theory which includes… –Weiner’s Attribution Model. –Attribution retraining.

3. Achievement Motivation. Links Personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual. Links Personality with the degree of competitiveness shown by an individual. How motivated are you to succeed? How motivated are you to succeed? Is achievement motivation linked with nature or nurture? Is achievement motivation linked with nature or nurture? Murray (1938) indicated that it is only natural for one to want to surpass another (Nature). Murray (1938) indicated that it is only natural for one to want to surpass another (Nature). Bandura (1977) however, believed competitiveness is a product of learning (Nurture). Bandura (1977) however, believed competitiveness is a product of learning (Nurture).

4. Interactionists and Achievement Motivation. Atkinson and McClelland (1976) predicted that motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situational factors, These are… Atkinson and McClelland (1976) predicted that motivation is generated through a combination of personality and situational factors, These are… –Probability of success: The likelihood of success- when a task is easy or done before. –Incentive value of success: The intrinsic value experienced after success. If the task is harder the greater incentive value…Why?

5. NAch and NaF … Need to Avoid Failure. (Low Nach/High Naf) The fear of failure far outweighs the desire to succeed. The fear of failure far outweighs the desire to succeed. Referred to as low achievers. Referred to as low achievers. Need to Achieve. Need to Achieve. (Low Naf/High Nach) The desire of success far outweighs the fear of failure. The desire of success far outweighs the fear of failure. Referred to as high achievers. Referred to as high achievers.

6. Task (5mins) Turn to page 209 and copy down the Diagram and table noting some of the characteristics of NAF and NAch performers. Turn to page 209 and copy down the Diagram and table noting some of the characteristics of NAF and NAch performers. Turn over and copy down the key terms. Turn over and copy down the key terms.

7. Atkinson and McClelland Continued… The theory best predicted behavioural responses in situations where there is a 50/50 chance of success. The theory best predicted behavioural responses in situations where there is a 50/50 chance of success. This situation is most likely to trigger the motivation to achieve in performers with high achievement traits. This situation is most likely to trigger the motivation to achieve in performers with high achievement traits. They display approach behaviours and mastery orientation characteristics. They display approach behaviours and mastery orientation characteristics. The incentive value will be high when the chance of success is evenly balanced. The incentive value will be high when the chance of success is evenly balanced. Q: What about those with low achievement traits? Write a statement to describe this… Q: What about those with low achievement traits? Write a statement to describe this…

8. What are the problems with Achievement Motivation Theory? What is success to you? What is success to you? Success can be interpreted in several different ways… Success can be interpreted in several different ways… –Success over other people: Ego Goal Orientation- Beating someone in a race. –Personal Improvement: Task Orientation- performance and process goals i.e. Achieving a personal best. Achievement Motivation within sport should be referred to as Competitiveness. Achievement Motivation within sport should be referred to as Competitiveness.

9. Competitiveness. The motivation to achieve in sport. The motivation to achieve in sport. Gill and Deeter (1988) confirmed that Athletes are far more competitive than non athletes. Gill and Deeter (1988) confirmed that Athletes are far more competitive than non athletes. However, Athletes favoured performance goals (Task Orientation) whereas the non- athletes preferred the importance of winning (Ego Orientation). However, Athletes favoured performance goals (Task Orientation) whereas the non- athletes preferred the importance of winning (Ego Orientation).

10. Attribution Theory. What do you attribute your success to? What do you attribute your success to? Weiner (1971) saw that there were two areas which affect our attribution levels. Weiner (1971) saw that there were two areas which affect our attribution levels. –The Locus of Causality- internal or external factors. –Stability- Stable and un-changeable/ Unstable is temporary i.e. Luck. –Control is also mentioned and is a key factor in attribution retraining.

11. Weiner’s attribution model: Reasons for Failure and Success. Coaches should attribute failure to external factors- why? Coaches should attribute failure to external factors- why? External factors are changeable and not under control of the performer: its not their fault! External factors are changeable and not under control of the performer: its not their fault! This helps maintain self- esteem and motivation i.e. “he was lucky to beat you”. This helps maintain self- esteem and motivation i.e. “he was lucky to beat you”. Coaches should attribute success to internal factors- why? Coaches should attribute success to internal factors- why? Internal factors mean that the performer is able to succeed because of their talents. Internal factors mean that the performer is able to succeed because of their talents. This endorses future expectations of high achievement. This endorses future expectations of high achievement.

12. Work for you… Copy down notes from pages 213-215 paying attention to… Copy down notes from pages 213-215 paying attention to… –Attribution bias –Attribution retraining –Mastery orientation –Learned helplessness