Warm-up In one paragraph (6-8 sentences) answer the following question. Include 3 examples or pieces of evidence. How are industrialization, revolution, and nationalism connected?

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES & REVOLUTIONS AROUND THE WORLD 1750-1917

(Classic) Conservatism: Society was an organism that should change very slowly over time. Edmund Burke, an English philosopher, believed that society was a compact between a people’s ancestors, the present generation, and those not yet born. Change should be gradual and come about by mutual agreement of all parties involved.

(Classic) Liberalism: Change was normal and should be encouraged (Classic) Liberalism: Change was normal and should be encouraged. Changed should be managed to serve the best interests of society, not the interests of a few (liberals viewed conservatism as a method to maintain the status quo). Enlightenment ideals were valued, and republican forms of government with written constitutions were viewed as ideals. John Stuart Mill, yet another English philosopher, believed that individuals should be able to choose their own economic and intellectual pursuits.

Nationalism: Remember that nations are groups of people with some similarity (history, ethnicity, religion, language, region, etc.). Nationalism is the belief that an individual’s identity is based on his or her nationality (the group – not the state or country – that he/she belonged to). Nationalism can be broken down further in to cultural nationalism and political nationalism. Cultural nationalism focused on individual communities and their uniqueness – think of the German Volk. Political Nationalism focused on the loyalties an individual should have towards the larger group – think loyalty to the state.

Socialism : Socialism emerged to critique liberalism Socialism : Socialism emerged to critique liberalism.  Free market economics in its most extreme form tends to result in an extreme stratification of society into a small group of very rich capitalists (the bourgeoisie or, “ruling class”) and a large “under-class” of workers (the proletariat).  According to socialists, the state is the political tool by which the bourgeoisie maintains and expands its interests over and against the proletariat, making the liberal society less liberal and denying opportunity to the masses.  Therefore, socialism values equality of outcome over equality of opportunity.  

Marxism: It is based on a materialistic view of the world articulated by Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” It argues that the state is indeed the tool of the ruling class and therefore, needs to be taken from the ruling class and used to establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat,” reshaping society and the economy until social and economic equality and justice are achieved and then, :the state will wither away.”  

Readings For each Marx quote, put it in your own words in 1-3 sentences. After reading the pages on feminism, answer the guided reading question: what were the achievements and limitations of 19th century feminism?

Readings How does the modern period represent a change in people’s conception of human rights? In what ways are there continuities?