1. Political Science: An Introduction
Fourteenth Edition
Roskin | Cord | Medeiros | Jones
Chapter 2
Political Ideologies

2. What Is Ideology?
2.1 Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology.
In general, an ideology is a plan or a vision for how to improve society.
Anthony Downs definition
A verbal image of the good society and the chief means of constructing that society.
Idealogue – someone who believes “PASSIONATELY” in an ideology
ideologue: Someone who believes passionately in an ideology.
ideology: Belief system that society can be improved by following certain doctrines; usually ends in ism.
classic liberalism: Ideology founded by Adam Smith to keep government out of economy; became U.S. conservatism.

3. What Is Ideology? (3 of 3)
2.1 Explain the difference between a political theory and an ideology.
Americans used to be very ideological and now are much more pragmatic.
Pragmatism – Using what works
Ideologies rarely work out as their advocates intend and many contain wishful thinking that collapses in the face of reality.
ideologue: Someone who believes passionately in an ideology.
ideology: Belief system that society can be improved by following certain doctrines; usually ends in ism.
classic liberalism: Ideology founded by Adam Smith to keep government out of economy; became U.S. conservatism.

4. Figure 2.1 How political ideologies relate to one another: key thinkers and dates of emergence.
Many ideologies stem from older theories.
The ideas of the philosophers are simplified.
Ideologies demand plans of actions, not abstract ideals.
Ideologies, when simplified, can be classified on a left to right political spectrum, as evidenced by this chart.

5. Classic Liberalism (1 of 2)
2.2 Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism.
Adam Smith ( ) and The Wealth of Nations
The publication of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith introduces classical liberalism.
The core idea of Smith's work was that the market did not need government to regulate it.

6. Classic Liberalism (2 of 2)
2.2 Distinguish between classic and modern liberalism.
The idea was expanded to a much broader notion about government not regulating all aspects of society.
Society should be as free from government regulation as possible
Classical liberalism is closer to conservatism than to modern liberalism.

7. Modern Liberalism (1 of 2)
Modern liberalism differs from classical liberalism in its emphasis on the necessity of government intervention and economic regulation.
Classic Liberalism = little to none government regulation or economic involvement
Modern Liberalism = Want to see government intervention and economic regulation
modern liberalism: Ideology favoring government intervention to correct economic and social ills; U.S. liberalism today.

8. Classic Conservatism
2.3 Contrast Burkean conservatism with its current variety.
The father of conservatism is English thinker Edmund Burke ( ).
Burke opposed the British attempts to crush the American Revolution but did not like the radicalism of the French Revolution.
He was heavily influenced by the writings of Rousseau.
Institutions are created to compensate for human irrationality and are the products of centuries of trial and error.
Change is okay but it should happen slowly and gradually.
conservatism: Ideology of keeping systems largely unchanged.

9. Modern Conservatism
The roots of this ideology are in the free market approach of Smith and the strong emphasis on family and tradition that comes from the writings of Burke.

10. Socialism
2.4 Explain how socialism split into several varieties.
Socialism begins with the writings of Karl Marx ( ) in which he argued that capitalism would be overthrown by socialism.
Bourgeoisie – own the means of production
Proletariat – middle, working class
Marx argued capitalism would be overthrown by the middle class, then would become socialism… a classless society.

11. Other Ideologies Social Democracy
Mildest form of socialism, promoting welfare measures but not state ownership of industry.
Communism
Vladimir Lenin ( ) – a socioeconomic order structured on the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social class.
revisionist: Changing an ideology or view of history.
social democracy: Mildest form of socialism, promoting welfare measures but not state ownership of industry.
gross domestic product (GDP): Sum total of goods and services produced in a given country in one year, often expressed per capita (GDPpc) by dividing population into GDP.

12. Nationalism
2.5 Trace the origins of nationalism until the present day.
Nationalism is an exaggerated belief in the greatness of one's country.
Sovereignty brought about the idea of nationality that provides the core of nationalism.
Nationalism first appears after the French Revolution, a revolution of "we the people" that highlighted a sense of greatness about the French people.
nationalism: A people's heightened sense of cultural, historical, and territorial identity, unity, and sometimes greatness.
sovereignty: A national government's being boss on its own turf, the last word in law in that country.

13. Fascism (1 of 2)
Benito Mussolini ( ) - Fascism takes nationalism and combines it with militarism and a love for order.
Mussolini used to be a socialist but military service turned him into a nationalist. He took that nationalism, combines it with his military service to form fascism.
fascism: Extreme form of nationalism with elements of racism, socialism, and militarism.
thesis: A main idea or claim, to be proved by evidence.

14. Ideology in Our Day
2.6 List and define as many current ideologies as you can.
Neoconservatism – liberal turning conservative because of problems with social programs. They reject the “if it feels good, do it” attitude
Libertarianism - U.S. ideology in favor of shrinking all government power in favor of individual freedom.
Feminism – Fight for gender equality
Environmentalism – Fight against overdevelopment, promote regulation and a clean environment as a means for a healthy society/earth.