Africa & the Middle east Challenges & Hope for the future Chapter 30 & 32 Africa & the Middle east Challenges & Hope for the future

Section 1 Independence in Africa Independent African states emerged after WWII with high hopes for democracy. Many African leaders advocated Western-style capitalism. Others wanted socialism. Pan-Africanism was also a popular political doctrine, but African unity never became a reality. Bloody wars between ethnic groups have been common. Economic challenges have included the need to import technology and manufactured goods, and to confront rapid population growth and drought.

The AIDS is perhaps the biggest hurdle to African progress The AIDS is perhaps the biggest hurdle to African progress. In 2002 more than 29 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were living with AIDS, a problem the U.S. to lessen with more than $15 billion in aid. Despite efforts at democracy, 1 party & corrupt military regimes are more typical. The struggle to end apartheid resulted in the election of anti- apartheid leader Nelson Mandela as president of South Africa. Pockets of Western culture in Africa's cities contrast with the traditional life in rural areas.

Sec. 2 Conflict in the Middle East A 1947 a UN resolution divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state Problem of Palestinian refugees. The 1950s Gamal Abdel Nasser became the leader of the Pan-Arab movement. Confrontation with Israel led to the 6 Day War. Israel gained large pieces of territory and brought one million more Palestinians under its control. During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, the OPEC oil embargo price hikes led to economic problems in Europe and the US. The intifada, a Palestinian uprising, led to a Palestinian autonomy. In 2003, when the Israeli cabinet accepted the principle of a Palestinian state.

A revolution in Iran ended American ties with a close ally & led to an Islamic republic ruled by Islamic law. Iraqi’s Saddam Hussein instigated the Iran Iraq War, invaded Kuwait, and terrorized the Kurds. In 2003 U.S. forces captured Saddam Hussein In Afghanistan, rule of the country has shifted from Communist supporters to the Islamic Taliban and now an alliance. Conservative Muslims have increasingly enforced Islamic behavior in the Middle East.

Chapter 32: Challenges & Hopes for the Future Stunning developments in science, technology, industry, and agriculture have been offset by the political, economic, and environmental costs of these advances. New types of organizations have given governments and people new ways to respond to the world's challenges.

Section 1 The Challenges of Our World The flip side of these developments has been a range of problems, population, damage to the environment have grown considerably. Globalization has broken down many barriers between nations, and interest in democracy has revived. Population explosion , the gap between the rich and the poor has increased, and hunger & disease remain widespread. Regional, ethnic, and religious conflicts often spread across borders. The end of the Cold War has reduced fears of a global nuclear war, but fears of powerful weapons in terrorist hands have increased. The gender gap has narrowed, but less so in developing countries.

Section 2 Global Visions The global nature of many problems in the 20th century has led to the development of global organizations. Citizen groups have responded to a host of challenges—from the dangers of nuclear power to nonviolence. Nongovernmental organizations have allowed citizens to expand their influence on issues such as religion, disarmament, the environment, and human rights. Yet political, ethnic, and religious disputes have often interfered with the resolution of such issues. Lesson in history; That men don’t learn much from history is the most important lesson of history.