1. UPDATES ON: Middle East & USSR Week 2-7: Part 1
Global 4
Ms. Lyons

2. Conflicts & Change in the Middle East

3. Middle East Geography Leads to conflicts… Natural resources: OIL!
AKA: petroleum
Leads to conflicts…

4. Palestine & Israel 1947: UN divided it into 2 states
Muslims = Palestine
Jewish = Israel
Arabs = unhappy (lost land)
US helps Israel
1948: Arabs put in UN-made refugee camps
Resistance: PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
Led by Yasir Arafat - used guerilla war
1987: teenage Palestinians (intifada) threw rocks & homemade bombs at Israeli soldiers
Many Arab-Israeli wars
Areas to know = Gaza, West Bank

5. Iranian Revolution Ayatollah (Khomeini)’s in Iran
Overthrew US-sponsored dictator
Effects of Revolution
Western books, music… banned
Strict Muslim tradition
Less rights for women
Held US embassy hostage for over 1 year
Encouraged other Muslim countries to overthrow secular (nonreligious) governments
1989: Khomeini died
More moderate leaders took over

6. Saddam Hussein & Iraq 1980-1988: Iran-Iraq war
1990: Iraq takes Kuwait’s oil fields
1991: US sends troops to stop Iraq (Persian Gulf War)
1990’s: UN went to make sure Iraq’s weapons were destroyed
Saddam kicked them out of the country

7. Islamic Fundamentalism
Oppose westernization
Iran ✓
Overthrew shah, new government = Sharia law
Libya ✓
1969: Qaddafi comes to power via coup
Algeria x
1992: military seized government power & killed Islamic activists
Turkey x
1990’s: Islamic political parties get more support

8. Collapse of Communism & the USSR

9. Decrease Cold War Tensions
1970’s: Nixon & Brezhnev
Détente
Arms control
Cultural exchanges
Trade agreements

10. “Russians in Afghanistan”
USSR invades Afghanistan to keep communists in power
US increases its defense spending
People in the USSR were not
happy about this war with
Afghanistan

11. Gorbachev takes power 1985: Mikhail Gorbachev is in charge
Pulls USSR out of Afghanistan
Perestroika
Changed government & economic policies
Wanted more free markets (capitalism)
Effect: inflation, food & medical shortages
Glasnost
Democratic ideas (more freedoms)
Openness: no censorship

12. USSR = Gone. Russia is Back.
1991: Soviet republics declared independence
1999: Vladimir Putin (president) makes peace with the west (US)

13. Eastern Europe Poland Germany Civil Wars
Workers made union (“Solidarity”) but was held down by USSR
1989: 1st free elections  leader of Union voted president! (Lech Walesa)
Germany
1989: Berlin wall falls! re-united east & west
East Germany struggles to become a market economy
Civil Wars
Czechoslovakia, Azerbaijan, Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia: “ethnic cleansing” (Serbs killed Bosnians)