Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850 Chapter 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815 - 1850

The Conservative Order: Conservative Domination: Conservative ideology From Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution of France Obedience to political authority Organized religion was crucial to social order Hated revolutionary upheavals Unwilling to accept liberal demands or representative government The Concert of Europe Met several times: congresses Quintuple Alliance Principle of intervention Outbreak of revolution in Spain and Italy

Europe after the Congress of Vienna ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license

Latin American, Greek Revolts Revolt in Latin America Bourbon monarchy of Spain toppled Latin American countries begin declaring independence Simón Bolivar (1783-1830) José de San Martín (1778-1850) Britain began to dominate Latin American economy The Greek Revolt, 1821-1832 Intervention could support revolution as well Greek revolt in, 1820 Britain, France, Russia at war Treaty of Adrianople, 1829

Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license

Conservatives in the European States Great Britain: Rule of the Tories Landowning classes dominate Parliament Tory and Whig factions; Tories dominate Restoration of France Intervention in the Italian States and Spain Central Europe, the German Confederation Austrian Empire Russia Rural, agricultural, and autocratic Alexander I (1801-1825) Nicholas I (1825-1855)

The Balkans by 1830 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Ideologies of Change Liberalism Nationalism Economic liberalism (classical economics) Laissez-faire Political liberalism Ideology of political liberalism David Ricardo (1772-1823), John Stuart Mill, On Liberty Supported Women’s rights On the Subjection of Women Nationalism Part of a community with common institutions, traditions, language, and customs The community is called a “nation” Nationalist ideology Allied with liberalism

Ideologies of Change, cont. Early Socialism Early socialism (utopian societies) Robert Owen (1771-1858) New Lanark, Scotland New Harmony, Indiana Frances Wright, Nashoba, Tennessee

The Distribution of Language in Nineteenth-Century Europe ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein

Revolution and Reform, 1830-1850 The Revolutions of 1830 Charles X (1824-1830) Revolt by liberals Louis-Philippe (1830-1848) The bourgeois monarch Constitutional changes favor the upper bourgeoisie Roll of nationalism Austrian Netherlands given to Dutch Republic Revolt by the Belgians Revolt attempts in Poland and Italy Revolts led to reform in Britain

The Revolutions of 1848 Another French Revolution Scandals, graft, corruption, and failure to initiate reform Louis-Philippe abdicates, February 24, 1848  Provisional government established Elections to be by universal manhood suffrage National workshops Growing split between moderate and liberal republicans Second Republic established Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected in December, 1848

Revolution in Central Europe French revolts led to promises of reform Frederick William IV (1840-1861) Frankfurt Assembly Austrian Empire Louis Kossuth, Hungary Metternich flees the country Hungary’s wishes granted Concessions will led to greater demands Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)

Revolts in the Italian States Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) Young Italy, 1831 Goal: a united Italy Cristina Belgioioso (1808-1871) 1848 revolutions Rebellions began in Sicily Rulers promised reforms Charles Albert (1831-1849) calls for war against Austria Revolutions ended in failure

Growth of the United States The American Constitution contained forces of liberalism and nationalism Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804), Federalist Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), Republican Effects of War of 1812 John Marshall (1755-1835) Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), Democracy 

The Characteristics of Romanticism Emotion, sentiment, and inner feelings Tragic figure Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), The Sorrows of the Young Werther Individualism Interest in the past Grimm Brothers Hans Christian Andersen Walter Scott Gothic literature Edgar Allan Poe (1808-1849) Mary Wallstonecraft Shelley (1797-1851) Experimentation with drugs

Romantic Poets and the Love of Nature Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) Prometheus Unbound Lord Byron (1788-1824) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage William Wordsworth (1770-1850) The mysterious force of nature

Romanticism in Art and Music Casper David Friedrich (1774-1840) God and nature Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863) Passion for color Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Discussion Questions How did the revolts in Latin America affect the trading patterns with Europe? How was the Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire transformed into a noble cause? How did Russia’s actions affect the cause of Greek independence? How did the Romantics view society and the social conventions of the day?

Web Links Congress of Vienna Quintuple Alliance Simon Bolivar Utopian Socialism Revolutions of 1848 Gothic Literature Eugene Delacroix