The Language Of Medicine 8th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1 Basic Word Structure Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter Learning Objectives Identify basic objectives to guide your study of the medical language Divide medical words into their component parts. Learn the meanings of basic combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language. Use these combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words. Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body. Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1 Lesson 1.1 Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Learn to use the tool of word analysis DO NOT simply memorize Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. A small difference in the spelling of a word accounts for a difference in the meaning Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUICK QUIZ: All medical terms have: A. A Combining Vowel B. Two roots C. A suffix D. A prefix Correct answer is C, all medical terms have a suffix. See page 5 of text. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer A suffix Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUICK QUIZ: Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term? A. Suffix B. Prefix C. Combining Vowel D. Combining Form Correct answer is B; the prefix is the element that appears at the beginning of a medical term. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer Prefix Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

HEMAT/O/LOGY Word Analysis Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

HEMAT/O/LOGY Word Analysis    root  suffix combining vowel    root  suffix combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of study Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis Important elements: Root: foundation of the term Suffix: word ending Prefix: word beginning Combining vowel: vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and aids pronunciation Combining form: combination of the root and the combining vowel Combining vowel has no meaning of its own. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM      root  root  suffix      root  root  suffix combining vowels electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

GASTR/ITIS Word Analysis Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

GASTR/ITIS Word Analysis   root suffix gastr means stomach   root suffix gastr means stomach -itis means inflammation Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as in “-itis”) Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY      root  root  suffix      root  root  suffix combining vowels gastr means stomach enter means intestines -logy means process of study Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis (cont’d.) THREE General Rules: Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and across Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis” Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology not gastrenterology When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the body, what often determines which root is listed first? (anatomical position) Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis SUB/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix sub- means under    prefix root suffix sub- means under gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Analysis EPI/GASTR/IC    prefix root suffix epi- means above    prefix root suffix epi- means above gastr means stomach -ic means pertaining to Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS aden/o _________ arthr/o _________ bi/o _________ carcin/o _________ cardi/o _________ Combining Form Meaning . Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life Combining Form Meaning aden/o gland arthr/o joint bi/o life carcin/o cancerous, cancer cardi/o heart . Refer to pp. 8 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? arthritis adenitis adenoma cephalic Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer Adenitis Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS cephal/o _________ cerebr/o _________ cis/o _________ Combining Form Meaning cephal/o _________ cerebr/o _________ cis/o _________ crin/o _________ cyst/o _________ . Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut Combining Form Meaning cephal/o head cerebr/o cerebrum cis/o to cut crin/o to secrete cyst/o urinary bladder . Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o _________ Combining Form Meaning cyt/o _________ derm/o or dermat/o _________ electr/o _________ encephal/o _________ enter/o _________ . Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin Combining Form Meaning cyt/o cell derm/o or dermat/o skin electr/o electricity encephal/o brain enter/o intestines Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms using these word parts Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUICK QUIZ: Term that means study of cells: cystoscopy cystitis cytology hematology Correct answer is C, cytology. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer Cytology Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ gn/o _________ Combining Form Meaning erythr/o _________ gastr/o _________ gn/o _________ gynec/o _________ hemat/o or hem/o _________ . Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gn/o knowledge Combining Form Meaning erythr/o red gastr/o stomach gn/o knowledge gynec/o woman, female hemat/o or hem/o blood Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with these word parts. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS hepat/o _________ iatr/o _________ leuk/o _________ Combining Form Meaning hepat/o _________ iatr/o _________ leuk/o _________ nephr/o _________ neur/o _________ Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white Combining Form Meaning hepat/o liver iatr/o treatment, physician leuk/o white nephr/o kidney neur/o nerve Refer to pp. 10 for definitions and for medical terms from these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS onc/o _________ ophthalm/o _________ oste/o _________ Combining Form Meaning onc/o _________ ophthalm/o _________ oste/o _________ path/o _________ ped/o _________ Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease Combining Form Meaning onc/o tumor ophthalm/o eye oste/o bone path/o disease ped/o child Refer to pp. 10-11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS psych/o _________ radi/o _________ ren/o _________ Combining Form Meaning psych/o _________ radi/o _________ ren/o _________ rhin/o _________ sarc/o _________ Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose Combining Form Meaning psych/o mind radi/o x-rays ren/o kidney rhin/o nose sarc/o flesh Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS sect/o _________ thromb/o _________ ur/o _________ Combining Form Meaning sect/o _________ thromb/o _________ ur/o _________ Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms.. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

COMBINING FORMS sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting Combining Form Meaning sect/o to cut thromb/o clot, clotting ur/o urinary tract, urine Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with these combining forms. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -ac _________ -al _________ -algia _________ -cyte _________ Combining Form Meaning -ac _________ -al _________ -algia _________ -cyte _________ -ectomy _________ Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and medical terms made with these suffixes. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell Combining Form Meaning -ac pertaining to -al pertaining to -algia pain -cyte cell -ectomy excision, removal Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

QUICK QUIZ: Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? -ectomy -scopy -itis -opsy Correct answer is A, -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Answer -ectomy Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -emia _________ -genic _________ -globin _________ Combining Form Meaning -emia _________ -genic _________ -globin _________ -gram _________ -ic, ical _________ Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -emia blood condition -genic produced by or in Combining Form Meaning -emia blood condition -genic produced by or in -globin protein -gram record -ic, ical pertaining to Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -ion _________ -ist _________ -itis _________ -logy _________ Combining Form Meaning -ion _________ -ist _________ -itis _________ -logy _________ -oma _________ Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation Combining Form Meaning -ion process -ist specialist -itis inflammation -logy process of study -oma tumor, mass, swelling Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -opsy _________ -osis _________ -pathy _________ Combining Form Meaning -opsy _________ -osis _________ -pathy _________ -scope _________ -scopy _________ Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -opsy process of viewing -osis condition, usually abnormal -pathy disease condition -scope instrument to visually examine -scopy process of visually examining (with an endoscope) Combining Form Meaning Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________ Combining Form Meaning -sis _________ -tomy _________ -y _________ Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

SUFFIXES -sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting Combining Form Meaning -sis state of; condition -tomy process of cutting -y process, condition Refer to pp. 13 for definitions and for terms made with these suffixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES a-, an- _________ aut-, auto _________ dia- _________ Combining Form Meaning a-, an- _________ aut-, auto _________ dia- _________ end-, endo- _________ epi- _________ ex- _________ Refer to pp. 13-14 for definition and for terms made with these prefixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto self, own Combining Form Meaning a-, an- no, not, without aut-, auto self, own dia- through, complete end-, endo- within epi- above, upon ex- out Refer to pp. 13-14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES exo- _________ hyper- _________ hypo- _________ in- _________ Combining Form Meaning exo- _________ hyper- _________ hypo- _________ in- _________ peri- _________ pro- _________ Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES exo- outside of, outward hyper- excessive, above, more Combining Form Meaning exo- outside of, outward hyper- excessive, above, more hypo- deficient, below, under, less in- into, in peri- surrounding, around pro- before, forward Refer to pp. 14 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES re- _________ retro- _________ sub- _________ Combining Form Meaning re- _________ retro- _________ sub- _________ trans- _________ Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PREFIXES re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under Combining Form Meaning re- back, backward, again retro- behind sub- below, under trans- across, through Refer to pp. 15 for definitions and for terms made with these prefixes. Using the given combining forms, can you form and define other terms not listed in the slide? Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciation of Terms When ¯ is above a vowel, the sound is long. For example: ā as in āpe ō as in ōpen When ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For example: ă as in ăpple ŏ as in pŏt Review long and short vowel sounds with the students. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.) Examples: adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs biology bī-OL-ō-jē cephalic se-FĂL-ik iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik resection rē-SEK-shŭn Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Why does the PN Student need to know this information? Physician Orders Professional letters Medical forms Be knowledgeable to public To communicate with other health care personnel Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.