Unit 2 Introduction, Definition, and Logic I can analyze how an author logically structures an argument. I can analyze how defining a term or issue advances an argument. Unit 2 Introduction, Definition, and Logic

agenda Rhetorical Device Bell Ringer Introduction to Unit Essential Questions Notes on Rhetorical Mode: Definition Review Syllogism and Enthymeme Practice Concepts with John Stuart Mill’s “On Liberty” HW: Read Everything is an Argument Chapter 13 BEFORE THE DAY WE COME BACK FROM FALL BREAK

Rhetorical Device Bell Ringer Complete the rhetorical device bell ringer for today

Intro to Unit Essential Questions As we approach election day, we will consider the following questions as we analyze and create rhetoric: What is freedom and what does it mean to be free? Should there be limits to freedom? How do people effectively argue for change to promote freedom?

Rhetorical Mode: Definition Definition is a rhetorical mode in which the speaker strategically frames the issue at hand by providing a specific definition of terms or issues that work in the speaker’s favor. THIS IS NOT A DICTIONARY DEFINITION. The definition of an issue at hand should consider the complexities and emotional implications of that issue/term and define it in a way that will advance your argument.

Rhetorical Mode: Definition Definition can be an incredibly effective defensive strategy in argument (although, you can use it offensively as well) What does this mean? We use definition specifically when the facts don’t necessarily support our argument or we don’t have enough facts. If a definition already exists for our issue or our opponent has presented a definition, we can redefine it to support our own argument.

Rhetorical Mode: Definition Definition can be an incredibly effective defensive strategy in argument (although, you can use it offensively as well) What does this mean? We use definition specifically when the facts don’t necessarily support our argument or we don’t have enough facts. If a definition already exists for our issue or our opponent has presented a definition, we can redefine it to support our own argument.

Rhetorical Mode: Definition Often, a definition is more likely to stick with an audience if we use words that are emotionally charged. (But be careful…don’t over-rely on emotion. Make sure your definition is also logical) Argument Strategy: Definition Jujitsu If your opponent uses a term whose definition actually favors YOU AND YOUR SIDE, you can use it against them. Consider the chorus from John Lennon’s “Imagine”: how does he use definition Jujitsu? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVg2EJvvlF8

Review of Syllogism and Enthymeme Syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of Major Premise: All A must C. Minor Premise: B is an A. Conclusion: Therefore, B must C. Example: All PLD seniors must write a research paper. Sean is a senior at PLD. Therefore, Sean must write a research paper. Enthymeme: (abbreviated syllogism) A figure of reasoning in which one or more statements of a syllogism is/are left out of the configuration. All PLD seniors must write a research paper. Sean must write a research paper.

Review of Syllogism and Enthymeme When we encounter a syllogism, we must ask ourselves TWO questions: 1) Is this syllogism logically valid? 2) Is this syllogism true? A valid syllogism just refers to its following of the logical structure and the conclusion MUST be true IF the premises are true: Major Premise: All A must C. Minor Premise: B is an A. Conclusion: Therefore, B must C. Ex: All Octopi eat spaghetti. Fish are Octopi. Therefore, fish eat spaghetti. As silly as it is—this syllogism IS VALID because IF the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true too. *Exceptions to the premises do not matter when determining validity. A true syllogism follows the logical structure, both the premises are true, and so the conclusion must be true. So, a syllogism can be VALID but UNTRUE.

Kahoot! Review of Syllogism and Enthymeme Let’s play! https://play.kahoot.it/#/k/89d1aac6-150b-4bc7-be9c-8c938aa9a4f0

Application Read John Stuart Mill’s “On Liberty” as a class. Then, discuss its premises and conclusions and how he uses definition to advance his argument. ANNOTATE as you read (especially looking for unfamiliar words). Application

Homework Read Everything Is An Argument, Chapter 12 – Style in Argument BY THE TIME WE COME BACK FROM FALL BREAK!