1. Lesson 5: Brave New World, Chapter 3
I can explain the reasoning behind a claim (warrant) and provide evidence to support it (backing).

2. Agenda Bell Ringer – Rhetorical Device of the Day!
Rhetorical Mode: Narration
Warrants and Backings
Application and Analysis: Chapter 3
Homework: Read Chapter 4 and 5

3. Rhetorical Mode: Narration
Take Notes
Narration is nothing more than storytelling
Relating a series of events with a beginning, middle, and end.
There should be a focus to the story that is more specific than the Topic or Subject.
There is always a point to it—a reason for recounting the story that becomes clear to the reader.
In literary terms, we call this __________
THEME

4. Rhetorical Mode: Narration
Take Notes
Narration requires specific point of view.
1st person
3rd person omniscient
3rd person limited
Sometimes, narratives can shift point of view to give another perspective or emphasize a point.
A narrative generally revolves around a primary tension (conflict) and employs character, plot, and setting.
One of the main tools of a narrative is dialogue.

5. Dialogue
A dialogue is a literary technique in which writers employ two or more characters to be engaged in conversation with each other.
The use of dialogues can be seen back in classical literature, especially in Plato’s Republic. Several other philosophers also used this technique for rhetorical and argumentative purposes.
Four main functions of dialogue:
To move the storyline forward.
To reveal aspects of character not otherwise seen.
To present exposition and particulars of past events.
To set the tone of the text.
Take Notes

6. Review: What is an Enthymeme?
Enthymeme to Warrants
Review: What is an Enthymeme?
A figure of reasoning in which one premise of a syllogism is left out of the configuration.
Adapted from Mrs. Wendy Turner
AP English Language and Composition

7. What car should your parents buy for you?
Enthymeme 1: We should buy this Geo Metro because it is extremely economical. Enthymeme 2: We should buy a 2015 Volvo S60 because it is very safe. Enthymeme 3: We should buy this Ford Fusion because it is red.

8. Major Premise: The economy is bad. Minor Premise: I need a car.
Assumption for Enthymeme 1: We should buy the car that is most economical.
Major Premise: The economy is bad.
Minor Premise: I need a car.
Therefore: We should buy a Geo Metro because it is extremely economical.
How can you refute this logic?
We might agree with the major premise, but disagree with the stated reason by arguing that the Geo Metro isn't as economical as another car.
We might disagree with the major premise and thus argue that we should base our decision not on economy but on the performance or driving fun or cargo space or reliability.
How can you support this logic?

9. Assumption for Enthymeme 2: We should buy the car that is most safe.
Major Premise: Cars should be safe.
Minor Premise: I need a car.
Therefore: We should buy this 2015 Volvo because it is very safe.
How can you refute this logic?
We might agree with the major premise, but disagree with the stated reason by arguing that the Volvo isn't as safe as another car.
We might disagree with the major premise and argue that we should base our decision not on safety but on the performance or driving fun or cargo space or reliability.
How can you support this logic?

10. Major Premise: Red cars are safe and economical.
Assumption for Enthymeme 3: We should buy a car that is red.
Major Premise: Red cars are safe and economical.
Minor Premise: I need a car.
Therefore: We should buy this Ford Fusion because it is red.
How can your refute this logic?
We can prove the car is red, but we can't see what color has to do with buying the car.
How can you support this logic?
Can you?
How do we get from the facts to the claim?
What we need is some kind of argument to 'back up' this unstated assumption that redness is the major criterion we should choose."

11. The key here is to see the difference between supporting or attacking the STATED reason itself (major premise) versus supporting or attacking the UNSTATED assumption behind the reason.

12. The UNSTATED assumption behind each Enthymeme is called the WARRANT.
Together the claim, the stated reason, and the warrant constitute the frame or skeleton of the argument.
These frame sentences can be stated in a single sentence each:
Claim: We should buy this used Volvo.
Stated Reason: It is very safe.
Warrant: We should buy the car that is the safest.
Take Notes

13. BACKING is what fleshes out the argument—what gives it development and detail.
The backing is all facts, data, evidence, examples, or chains of reasons we use to support the warrant.
What type of backing we provide depends on what we anticipate to be our audience's needs, commonplaces, and possible objections.
Take Notes

14. So what’s wrong with Enthymeme 3?
The answer is that the WARRANT seems silly.
We can readily see how economy or safety could be a major premise for buying a car, but not redness.
In Stephen Toulmin's term, this enthymeme cries out for BACKING:
Claim: We should buy this Ford Fusion.
Stated Reason: It is red.
Warrant: If we find a car that's red, we should buy it.
Backing:? ? ?

15. Aphorism
An Aphorism is a concise statement that expresses a general truth or moral principle.
Aphorisms often come with a pinch of humor, which makes them more appealing to the masses.
Proverbs, maxims, adages and clichés are different forms of aphoristic statements that gain prevalence from generation to generation and frequently appear in our day-to-day speech.
Example:
“Life’s Tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late.” – Benjamin Franklin
“You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” – Atticus Finch, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

16. Application and Analysis: Brave New World, Chapter 3

17. Exit Slip
Multiple Choice Assessment