1. Unit 3, Lesson 2: Unit Introduction and Historical Context
I can identify and analyze the use of rhetorical strategies, logical reasoning, and logical fallacies in a historical text.
Unit 3, Lesson 2: Unit Introduction and Historical Context

2. Agenda Bell Ringer – Rhetorical devices Historical Context: Fordism
Rhetorical Strategies Overview
Logos In-depth
Induction, Deduction (Syllogism & Enthymeme), and Logical Fallacies
Historical Context: Fordism
Historical Text: “Ford Explains the 5 day week”
Analyze Ford’s argument
Use of Rhetorical Strategies, Logical Reasoning, and Fallacy

3. Argument: Rhetorical Strategies Overview
The basic approaches a writer uses to tell a story, explain a point, describe a situation, or argue a position. Sometimes called rhetorical modes or techniques, these strategies help a writer organize evidence, connect facts into a sequence, and provide clusters of information necessary for conveying a purpose or an argument.
You might choose to analyze the cause of an outcome, compare one thing to another, classify your facts into categories, define a key term, describe a person, place, or phenomenon, explain how a process works, or narrate a pertinent event or experience.
Rhetorical Strategies:
Cause/Effect
Compare/Contrast
Classification
Definition
Description
Process
Narration
Exemplification
We will talk more about these as we progress through this unit!

4. Argument: Logic What does it mean?
A logical appeal is a method of persuasion based on evidence and reasoning.
You start with a premise—a fact or commonplace (a belief, value, or attitude) and apply it to a specific case to reach a conclusion.
More simply: “start with something true, follow it with another truth, and you reach a conclusion that also must be true” (Thank You for Arguing).
Logos uses both inductive and deductive reasoning.

5. Induction
Induction forms generalizations from a set of specific examples.
Example: Margo has 17 stuffed bears, 3 stuffed cows, 11 monkeys, 4 camels, and 6 stuffed elephants. Margo loves to collect stuffed animals.
Based on the large number of stuffed animals Margo has, we assume that the possibility that Margo loves to collect stuffed animals is true.
Potential problems of inductive reasoning:
Generalization covers many unobserved persons, objects, etc.
If the conclusion begins with ALL, any exceptions would invalidate the generalization
Cited facts are incorrect
Assumed connections are incorrect
Assumption is a conclusion NOT supported by the evidence.

6. deduction
Deduction reaches a probable conclusion based on a given premise.
Conclusions can be drawn from implicit premises such as: universal truths, possibilities the reader will readily accept, familiar sayings, and facts that everyone (including the reader) know.
Syllogism is the format of a formal argument that consists of
Major Premise: All A must C.
Minor Premise: B is an A.
Conclusion: Therefore, B must C.
Example: All PLD seniors must write a research paper. Sean is a senior at PLD. Therefore, Sean must write a research paper.
Enthymeme: (abbreviated syllogism) A figure of reasoning in which one or more statements of a syllogism is/are left out of the configuration.

7. Fallacy: false or misleading statements that are used to persuade an audience.
Logical Fallacy are mistakes in reasoning.
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc (Faulty Causality)
Non Sequitur (Does Not Follow)
Hasty and Overgeneralization (Stereotyping)
Also:
Ignorance as Proof
Slippery Slope
Circular/Begging the Question
Red Herring/Straw Man
Ad Hominem
We will talk more about these as we progress through this unit!

8. Fallacies of Logic Post hoc/Faulty Causality
This fallacy gets its name from the Latin phrase "post hoc, ergo propter hoc," which translates as "after this, therefore because of this."
Fallacies of Logic Post hoc/Faulty Causality
Definition: An assumption that because one action follows another, the first action caused the second.
This reduces cause to simple or convenient explanations. It is difficult to determine causes of complicated events. Something can appear as the cause, but really exists as one of many factors. Watch out for correlation! This isn't the same thing as causation.
Logical Form: Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B.
Example: "President Jones raised taxes, and then the rate of violent crime went up. Jones is responsible for the rise in crime.“
The increase in taxes might or might not be one factor in the rising crime rates, but the argument hasn't shown us that one caused the other.
Tools: relies on the human desire to believe in a simplistic explanation or “quick fix”

9. Example
What is the cause/effect relationship being assumed?

10. Fallacies of Logic: Non Sequitur (Latin for “Does not Follow”)
Definition: When the conclusion does not follow from the premises. Omits a step in an otherwise logical chain of reasoning.
In more informal reasoning, it can be when what is presented as evidence or reason is irrelevant or adds very little  support to the conclusion.
Logical Form: Claim A is made. Evidence is presented for Claim A. Therefore, claim C is true.
Example: “People generally like to walk on the beach.  Beaches have sand.  Therefore, having sand floors in homes would be a great idea!”
Tools: assumes the audience will not notice the missing link in the argument

11. Example: The office https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g8Qq7U0iXM
What does not follow?
What is the missing link? What information is being omitted?

12. Fallacy of Logic Hasty and Overgeneralizations
Definition: An inference drawn from insufficient evidence
Logical Form: Sample S is taken from population P. Sample S is a very small part of population P. Conclusion C is drawn from sample S.
Example: “My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine.  Therefore, smoking really can’t be that bad for you.”
Stereotypes: The general beliefs that we use to categorize people, objects, and events while assuming those beliefs are accurate generalizations of the whole group.
Logical Form: All X’s have the property Y (this being a characterization, not a fact). Z  is an X. Therefore, Z has the property Y.
Example: “French people are great at kissing.  Julie is French.  Get me a date!”
Tools: uses statements without qualifiers (some, few, many, most, occasionally, rarely, possible, in some cases, under certain circumstances, etc.) or poor statistics that appeal to a person’s sense of reason.

13. Example:
What generalization is being made in this instance?
What do you think of when you hear the word terrorist or terrorism?
Definition of terrorism: the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes.
According to the CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Public Mass Shootings in the United States: Selected Implications for Federal Public Health and Safety Policy, “Of the public mass shooting incidents identified by CRS for which information on the race of the perpetrator(s) was available, over half of the shooters were reportedly white” (11).

14. Read Henry Ford’s explanation of changing to a Five-Day Work Week.
Application:

15. Henry FORD (1863-1947) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcgff0Jt9UM
Henry Ford was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.
He created the Model T in the early 1900s, one of the first vehicles produced for purchase by the general population.
Ford also created the assembly line, which made mass production and numerous jobs a reality.
Ford believed that consumerism was the way to obtain world peace.

16. Ford’s Connection to the novel:
To the people in Huxley’s novel, Henry Ford is God. Instead of making the cross, the people make the sign of the “T,” referring to the Model T.
In the novel, they are mass producing people instead of cars. Everyone has a job and everyone is a mass consumer.

17. Read the text, “Mr. Ford Explains the Five Day Week”
Historical Text
Read the text, “Mr. Ford Explains the Five Day Week”
Analyze the argument
Identify the rhetorical strategy Ford used to explain his point.
Identify Ford’s use of logical reasoning
Inductions and Deductions
Logical Fallacy: Post Hoc, Non Sequitur, Generalization