Unit 5 Abolitionism to Revolution Ms. Turnbull

Scientific Revolution

Defined… 1500s- Big shift from Medieval thinking Will question that Earth was the center of the universe (Church belief) People begin to question nature of God when discover laws of the universe (science vs. faith) Belief that mathematical laws governed nature and the universe and could be known, managed and shaped by people!

Scientific Method – systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing data Not based on ancient authorities Observation Hypothesis Experiment Analyze results People began to use reason to explain theories

Geocentric Theory (also called the Ptolemaic Theory)

Heliocentric Theory From Copernicus

Heliocentric Geocentric

Kepler’s Theory with elliptic orbits

Age of Enlightenment 11/30/2018

The Importance of the Enlightenment (01:14) 11/30/2018

Enlightenment was also called the Age of Reason, the period of Western history (1700’s) when thinkers called for the use of reason in analyzing and improving society. The Enlightenment brought together the ideas of the Renaissance and the Reformation. 11/30/2018

Both of these ideas are the basis of the Enlightenment. Renaissance artists and writers adopted a more secular outlook on life rather than the spiritual outlook of the Middle Ages. The ideas of the Scientific Revolution created scientific philosophies for seeking the truth. Both of these ideas are the basis of the Enlightenment. 11/30/2018

Enlightenment Philosophers: Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu (03:23) 11/30/2018

Social contract A term created by Thomas Hobbes to describe an agreement where people give up their individual rights in exchange for the law and order provided by the government. Thomas Hobbes of England advocated this philosophy in his book Leviathan. 11/30/2018

Natural rights According to John Locke, there are three natural rights that all human beings are entitled to; life, liberty, and property. His idea of a social contract was an agreement between people and government. 11/30/2018

Montesquieu Barón de Biografia de Montesquieu urged the separation of powers-the division of authority among different branches of government. He believed that Britain was the best- governed country in his day. 11/30/2018

Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in the ideas of a direct democracy where the will of the majority becomes law. He wrote Social Contract which stated, “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.” 11/30/2018

Philosophe Philosophe refers to any of the leading social critics of the 18th century French Enlightenment. Philosophes believed that any way of doing things that did not make sense should be changed. They opposed the traditions of monarchy and divine right. 11/30/2018

They objected to special privileges of the nobility and clergy, like owning most of France’s wealth while paying little or nothing in taxes. Many French philosophes were atheists, or one who denies the existence of God. Most however, were deists, a person who believes in God, but rejects organized religion. 11/30/2018

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At the heart of their philosophies were five ideas: Reason- the absence of intolerance, bigotry, or prejudice in one’s thinking. Nature- natural laws of economics and politics as well as natural laws of motion. Happiness- a person who lived by nature’s law would find happiness. Progress-believed in progress for society and felt society could be perfected through the use of the scientific approach. Liberty-through reason, society would be set free. 11/30/2018

Voltaire Voltaire -championed free speech- “I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.” He wrote Candide. 11/30/2018

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Overall… The Enlightenment was a time for thinking about the happiness of humanity. They felt that people could only be truly happy in a society that allowed economic, religious and political liberty. 11/30/2018