The Middle Ages.

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Presentation transcript:

The Middle Ages

Standard: 7.34 – Demonstrate understanding of the conflict and cooperation between the Papacy and European monarchs, including Charlemagne, Gregory VII, and Emperor Henry IV.

By A.D. 500, Western Europe had divided into many Germanic kingdoms. Many had adopted the Roman ways After Roman armies abandoned the area of England, groups known as Angles and Saxons settled there. (Anglo-Saxons) Pushed aside the Celts.

The Franks were the strongest group. Settled in France. In 714, Charles Martel became the mayor of the palace. The pope, who was the head of the Catholic Church, gave Martel his support. Wanted to restore order and strengthen Catholic Christianity.

Martel stops the advancement of Islam into Western Europe in 732. Pepin, his son, takes over and becomes king of the Franks. Dies in 768. Charles (his son) becomes the king.

Sends armies into neighboring lands Sends armies into neighboring lands. Nearly doubles the size of his kingdom. By 800, it’s an empire. Became known as Charlemagne, or Charles the Great. In 800, he goes to Rome to defend the pope from unruly Roman nobles.

On Christmas day, the pope crowns Charlemagne the new Roman emperor. He was pleased, but also concerned. Education and the arts begin to flourish. Once he died in 814, the empire begins to break apart.

Christianity was spread by missionaries and monks, and by 1050 most Western Europeans had become Catholic Christians. Monks and monasteries provided schools and hospitals. Taught different trades: weaving, carpentry, farming, etc. Monks lived in communities headed by abbots, women called nuns lived in convents.

Many monasteries became wealthy Many monasteries became wealthy. Abbots became active in political affairs. Kings wanted Church leaders to obey them, Popes believed kings should obey the Church. Gregory VII in 1073 declared that only the pope had power to appoint high-ranking Church officials.

This angered Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor This angered Henry IV, the Holy Roman emperor. Henry insisted on naming his own bishops. Pope Gregory declared that Henry was no longer emperor and excommunicated him. Many German nobles supported the pope. Henry begs for forgiveness. It was given, but he is no longer emperor.

This conflict continued until 1122, when a new German king and a new pope agreed only the pope could chose bishops but only the king or emperor could give them government positions. This agreement was called the Concordat of Worms.