Unit 1: Introduction to the Study of Living Things Biology: What is it all about?

Chapter 1: Biology and Science A. What is biology? 1. __________ - The study of life. The science of life and of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. 2. __________ – Any living thing 3. Biologist

B. Science 1. Scientific Method = Scientific Inquiry - Basic _____________ to follow for answering scientific questions - Scientific Inquiry begins with making _______________ 2. Steps of the Scientific Method: a. State the ____________ b. Propose a Hypothesis _____________ = a prediction about the possible answer based on previous knowledge c. Experimentation _____________ = factors that are manipulated during an experiment __________________ = an experiment in which only one variable is changed d. Observations / Results e. Conclusions f. Repeat the Experiment

Watering Plant Experiment

3. Scientific Facts a. ___________ = information based on experimentation observations and tests demonstrate basic information to the scientist b. _________ = explains a certain set of facts ideas about a specific situation or similar situation ex: ______________________ Theories are changed and modified based on new scientific evidence c. ______________ = once a theory has been tested many times over many years and is constantly proven correct then it becomes a scientific law. ex: ____________________

Chapter 2: The Biology Laboratory What we use and how we use it!

A. Scientific Method / Inquiry 1. Defining the _________________ What are you testing on what? ex: What is the _______ of ________ on ___________? 2. Formulating a Hypothesis “_______________” statement ex: If ______ is given to a student, then their _________ will increase If the independent variable is changed, then the dependant variable will change Remember the hypothesis _________ have to be correct – many great scientific discoveries have been made because the hypothesis was incorrect. What is important is that you write the hypothesis in the correct format. DO NOT use the words ______________________.

3. Testing the Hypothesis, Experimentation a. Independent Variable The __________________ is the factor that the experimenter changes to see an effect b. Dependant Variable The _________________ is the factor that is affected by the independent variable c. Control The _______________ is the experimental setup without the _________________________________________________ d. Control Factors Control factors are other variable that are ______________ e. Reproducible Procedure To have a valid experiment the steps of the procedure have to be _______________________

ex: What is the effect of sugar on heart rate? a. Independent Variable ____________________________ b. Dependant Variable c. Control d. Control Factors _________________________________________________ e. Reproducible Procedure __________________________________________ etc.

4. Observing and Measuring Observations are the data collect while doing the experiment Making graphs and charts to organize your data 5. Analyzing and Drawing Conclusion Inference are the ideas and reasoning based on the observation Conclusions relate back to the hypothesis to explain either why it happened or why it did not happen 6. Theories and Laws Every experiment can be made better by repeated testing or increasing the sample size With years of repeated testing with similar results theories and eventually laws can be developed

B. Measurements 1. SI Units = ______________________________ We use the metric system because it is based on _______ Converting units is much easier because all you have to do is move the decimal point. a. ___________ – meter, centimeter, millimeter, micrometer 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters 1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers b. _________ – grams, kilograms c. ___________ – milliliters, liters, cubic centimeter (cc) d. ____________ - Celsius

2. Graphing Graphing makes a picture of the data Graphing makes it easier to interpret the data and see general trends Making Graphs: 1. Label the axes. The x-axis should be labeled with the independent variable The y-axis should be labeled with the dependant variable. 2. Scale both axes. Each box has to represent the same amount. Start at zero and count by 2s, 5s, or even 10s. DON’T UST PUT THE NUMBERS THEY GIVE YOU! 3. Plot your points. Circle the points. Connect the points. 4. Title your graph. 5. Answer any questions based upon the graph.

Amount of Estrogen added to the Diet (grams) Average Number of Eggs Laid 4 5 6 10 15 7 20 8 25 30 1

C. Equipment 1. Compound Light Microscopes a. ____________ b. ____________ lenses c. ____________ d. ____________ e. ____________ f. Mirror / Illuminator, Body, Stage, Base g. __________________ Total Mag = Ocular Mag x Objective Mag = 10 x 40 = 400 h. Resolution Resolution is the ability to distinguish between 2 different items

2. Other Types of Microscopes a. ____________ - 1 lens = magnifying lens b. ____________ - use both eyes, 3D image, used for micro-dissections c. ___________________ – extremely high magnification and resolution

3. _____________ Centrifuges separate materials based on density by spinning very rapidly 4. ______________ Tissue culture is the growth of cells in the lab

5. ________________ Chromatography is the separation of pigments (colors) in a sample

5. ________________ Gel electrophoresis is the separation of DNA pieces using electricity. It make a DNA fingerprint  specific pattern