1. Scientific Method Sc ience – an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world. 1.) State the Problem - something you can't explain - well defined - only 1 at a time 2.) Collect Information - research, observation – may lead to an inference = logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience - leads to informed hypothesis - someone may have already solved the problem! 3.) Form Hypothesis - proposed scientific explanation about a set of observations - MUST BE TESTABLE!!! - may have more than one hypothesis for a certain problem

2. 4.) Experiment - used to test hypothesis - use a control to have a frame of reference Manipulated (Independent) variable - variable that can be controlled by the experimenter Ex: time, depth, temperature Responding (Dependent) Variable - what factor changes (what you are testing) - variable that is directly affected by the independent variable Ex: How hot water gets depends on how long it sits in a teapot over a fire

3. * Sometimes it is not possible to do an experiment due to ethical concerns. EX: Chemical testing on humans, wildlife interactions - in this case, scientists try to eliminate variables and then conduct and observational experiment

4. 5.) Compile Data/ Analysis - keep written results and then analyze them to help come to a conclusion 6.) State the Conclusion - was your hypothesis proven or disproved? Theory- well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations Law -something that has been observed to be so - results are always the same

5. Tools, Measurement, and Safety 1 -4 Tools for science: ~ Computers *technology allows us to: ~create graphs ~collect data ~solve equations ~share ideas and data ~publish research

6. ~ Microscopes- All microscopes have the ability to * magnify -- make something appear larger * resolution -- ability to distinguish small, close objects. 2 types: a.) LIGHT MICROSCOPE - uses a beam of light through 1 or more lenses * What we use in lab! -- compound microscope * can observe living and non-living things * drawback: as magnification increases, resolution decreases! b.) ELECTRON MICROSCOPE - uses e- instead of light to form images * can see up to 100x more than light microscope! * can observe dead cells only!! Check out this close up of pollen! SEM and TEM Scanning Electron Microscope - specimens coated with metal - mag. up to 100,000x - 3D image Transmission Electron Microscope - specimens sliced and stained - mag. up to 200,000x

7. Measuring SI - International System of Units ~ the official name for the metric system ~ works with powers of 10 Can measure a variety of ways: ~Length ~Area ~Volume ~Mass ~Temperature

8. Length: ~ Uses millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers ~ For even smaller things, there are micro and nanometers! *Which would you use to measure an ant? *The distance from your house to Indiana? *The length of a dollar bill?

9. Area - ~ How much surface an object has ~ measure length and width to determine area ~ stated in square units ex: m 2 cm 2 km 2

10. Volume ~ measure of the size of something in 3D space ~ most often described in Liters (L) ~ is given in cubic units ex: cm 3 or mm 3 Can be found by multiplying length x width x height 1 mL = 1cm3... in other words, 1 mL will fit into a box that is 1 cm on each side Another way to measure irregular shaped objects is to measure water displacement... ex: find the volume of a rock...

11. Mass - the amount of matter in an object ~ kg is basic unit ~ one metric ton = 1,000 kg may also use...grams (g) to measure small objects! ex: a medium apple has a mass of about 100g ~ can use a scale or balance to measure this!

12. Temperature - measure of how hot or cold something is ~actually, it's how much energy within the matter... Cold = low energyHot = high energy ~ can be measured using either o F or o C but Kelvin (K) is the official unit for temp! celsius farenheight Some things you should know... Freezing is at 0 o C or 32 o FBoiling is at 100 o C or 212 o F