Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Professor Fowler Medical Terminology Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System Professor Fowler

Words to Know Skeletal Arthr/o: joint Cost/o: rib Articul/o: joint Fem/o, femor/o: femur Burs/o: bursa Fibul/o: fibula Carp/o: wrist Humer/o: humerus Cervic/o: neck Ili/o: ilium Chondr/o: cartilage Ischi/o: ischium Clavicul/o: clavicle Kyph/o: hump Coccyg/o: coccyx Lord/o: bent backwards

Words to Know Skeletal Mandibul/o: mandible Sacr/o: sacrum Maxill/o: maxilla Scapul/o: scapula Metacarp/o: palm bones Scoli/o: bent, crooked Metatars/o: sole bones Stern/o: sternum Myel/o: bone marrow Tars/o: ankle Orth/o: straight Thorac/o: chest Oste/o: bone Tibi/o: tibia Patell/o: patella Uln/o: ulna Ped/o: foot, child -blast: immature Pelv/o: pelvis -desis: fusion Phalang/o: phalanges -listhesis: slipping Radi/o: radius -porosis: porous

Vocabulary Chiropractic: specialty of bone alignment Crepitation: noise heard when two bones rub together Kyphosis: “humpback” Lordosis: “swayback” Scoliosis: crooked back – like a S

Pathology Fractures (most common) Greenstick: in children – bending action Colles’: wrist Hairline – small thin line Open: bone breaks through skin Closed: broken bone remains in skin (no break through the skin)

Abbreviations Ca+: calcium DJD: degenerative joint disease FX: fracture NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug OA: osteoarthritis Ortho: orthopedics RA: rheumatoid arthritis

Skeletal System Consists of 206 bones Connected to make skeleton Purposes: framework, protection, storage of minerals, blood cell production, help with movement

Bones Osseous Tissue Ossification

Skeleton Two Divisions: Appendicular (126 bones) - shoulder, arms, hips, legs Axial (80 bones) - head, neck, spine and chest

Head (Skull) Divided into Two parts: Cranium bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and occipital) Facial bones (mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, palatine, nasal and lacrimal bones)

Vertebral (Spinal Column) Divided into Five Sections: Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx (tailbone)

Rib Cage Twelve pairs of Ribs True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Breast Bone (Sternum) Xiphoid Process

Shoulder Clavicle (collar bone) Scapula (shoulder blade)

Upper Extremities Humerus (upper arm bone) Ulna (forearm bone) Radius (forearm bone) Carpals (wrist bone) Metacarpals (hand bone) Phalanges (finger bones)

Hipbone Consists of: Illium Ischium Pubis

Lower Extremities Femur (thigh bone) Patella (knee cap) Tibia (shin bone) Fibula (lower leg bone) Tarsals (ankle bone) Metatarsals (foot bones) Phalanges of the feet

Joints Formed when two or more bones meet Referred to as “articulation”

Three Types of Joints Based on the amount of movement * Synovial (freely moving) * Cartilaginous (slight movement) * Fibrous (almost allow no movement) Bursa:

Words to Know Muscular Extens/o: extension Ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o: tedon Fasci/o: fascia -asthenia: weakness Fibr/o: fibers -kinesia: movement Flex/o: flexion -tonia: pertaining to tone (fit) Kinesi/o: movment -trophic: growth Muscul/o, my/o, myos/o: muscle Ab- away from Ad- towards

Vocabulary/Pathology Adhesion: abnormal connection Atrophy: muscle wasting – “use it or lose it” Contracture: permanent contraction (pic) Hypertrophy: excessive growth (pic) Spasm: involuntary muscle contraction (large group) Twitch: involuntary muscle contraction (small group)

Vocabulary Fibromyalgia: widespread aching and pain in the muscles Muscular Dystrophy: inherited disease causing progressive muscle degeneration, weakness and atrophy

Vocabulary Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: repetitive motion disorder – inflammation of carpal tunnel Strain: damage to the tendon Sprain: damage to the ligament

Abbreviations CTS: carpal tunnel syndrome EMG: electromyography IM: intramuscular MD: muscular dystrophy

Muscles Muscle cells = muscle fibers Purposes: movement, hold body erect, generate heat

Three Types of Muscle Tissue Voluntary: we control Involuntary: we can not control Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle Directly or Indirectly attached to bones Striated (striped) Produce voluntary movement Fascia Tendon

Smooth Muscle * Referred to as “Visceral muscle” Unstriated Invountary

Cardiac Muscle Also referred as “Myocardium” Makes up the wall of the heart Striated Involuntary

Skeletal Muscle Actions Insertion (more movable bone) Origin (less movement of two bones) Antagonistic pairs (produce opposite actions) Agonist pairs (work together to produce movement)

Muscle Actions Abduction Inversion Adduction Pronation Flexion Supination Extension Elevation Dorsiflexion Depression Plantar Flexion Circumduction Eversion Opposition Rotation Table 4.5 – pgs 116-118