Earth’s Layers Chapter 22 Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways. Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth where life exists. Earth’s Layers

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Atmosphere Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation. Earth’s Layers, continued

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Climate and Atmosphere The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is called the greenhouse effect. Earth’s Layers, continued

Chapter 22 The Greenhouse Effect Section 1 An Interconnected Planet

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Hydrosphere A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable. Earth’s Layers, continued

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Geosphere The geosphere exchanges materials with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Earth’s Layers, continued

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biosphere The biosphere includes all parts of Earth where life exists. Earth’s Layers, continued

Biodiversity Chapter 22 Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area. Biodiversity

Biodiversity, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Measuring Biodiversity Biodiversity can be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity. Biodiversity, continued

Biodiversity, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Valuing Biodiversity Biodiversity is valued for various reasons. Biodiversity, continued

Pollution Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species. Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems. Pollution

Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues Ozone Thinning Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer. Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering. Pollution, continued

Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica

Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues Global Warming The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause- and-effect relationship. Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth. Pollution, continued

Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues Acid Precipitation Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms. Pollution, continued

Pollution, continued Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues Land and Water Pollution The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification. Pollution, continued

Biological Magnification of DDT Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of DDT

Ecosystem Disruption, continued Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Extinction Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions. Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting. This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems. Ecosystem Disruption, continued

Ecosystem Disruption, continued Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Imbalances Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are called keystone species. Ecosystem Disruption, continued

Human Resource Use Chapter 22 Section 2 Environmental Issues Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable. Human Resource Use

World Population Growth Patterns Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 World Population Growth Patterns

Conservation and Restoration Biology Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems. Conservation and Restoration Biology

Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Species and Habitats A bioindicator is a species that is especially sensitive to ecological change.

Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane Populations of many migratory birds, such as the whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities. However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.

Protecting Ecosystems Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Biodiversity Hotspots International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism. Protecting Ecosystems

Governments and Laws Chapter 22 Section 3 Environmental Solutions Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws. Governments and Laws

Private Efforts and Cooperation Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals. Private Efforts and Cooperation

Conservation Case Study: The Everglades Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States. Conservation Case Study: The Everglades

Your Role in the Environment Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate. Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role. Your Role in the Environment