1. Chapter 22 Table of Contents Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Humans and the Environment
Table of Contents
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Section 3 Environmental Solutions

2. Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Objectives
Explain the importance of the study of environmental science.
Describe Earth’s major layers.
Explain the natural functions of the ozone layer and greenhouse effect.
Summarize the ways in which biologists measure biodiversity.
Discuss the value of biodiversity.

3. Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Earth’s Layers
Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways.
Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth where life exists.

4. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
Atmosphere
Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.

5. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
Climate and Atmosphere
The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is called the greenhouse effect.

6. Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
The Greenhouse Effect

7. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
Hydrosphere
A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable.

8. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
Geosphere
The geosphere exchanges materials with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

9. Earth’s Layers, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Earth’s Layers, continued
Biosphere
The biosphere includes all parts of Earth where life exists.

10. Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area.

11. Biodiversity, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Biodiversity, continued
Measuring Biodiversity
Biodiversity can be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.

12. Biodiversity, continued
Section 1 An Interconnected Planet
Chapter 22
Biodiversity, continued
Valuing Biodiversity
Biodiversity is valued for various reasons.

13. Chapter 22 Objectives Section 2 Environmental Issues
Describe major consequences of air pollution.
Relate air pollution to effects on global climate.
Describe how chemical pollutants may undergo the process of biological magnification.
Identify the primary causes of modern extinctions.
Explain why extinctions and ecosystem disruption are of concern to humans.
Relate human resource use to its impacts on ecosystems.

14. Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution
Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species.
Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.

15. Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Ozone Thinning
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Ozone Thinning
Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer.
Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.

16. Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica

17. Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Global Warming
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Global Warming
The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause-and-effect relationship.
Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.

18. Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Acid Precipitation
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Acid Precipitation
Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms.

19. Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Acid Precipitation

20. Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Land and Water Pollution
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Pollution, continued
Land and Water Pollution
The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.

21. Biological Magnification of DDT
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Biological Magnification of DDT

22. Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Extinction
Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions.
Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting.
This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.

23. Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Ecosystem Disruption, continued
Ecosystem Imbalances
Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are called keystone species.

24. Chapter 22 Human Resource Use
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
Human Resource Use
Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable.

25. World Population Growth Patterns
Section 2 Environmental Issues
Chapter 22
World Population Growth Patterns

26. Chapter 22 Objectives Section 3 Environmental Solutions
State the goals of conservation and restoration biology.
Describe examples of efforts to protect species and their habitats.
Summarize international strategies for protecting entire ecosystems.
Discuss the roles of governments and laws in addressing environmental problems.
List several things that individuals can do to help solve environmental problems.

27. Conservation and Restoration Biology
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology
Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems.

28. Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Species and Habitats
A bioindicator is a species that is especially sensitive to ecological change.

29. Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued
Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane
Populations of many migratory birds, such as the whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities.
However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.

30. Protecting Ecosystems
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Protecting Ecosystems
Biodiversity Hotspots
International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism.

31. Chapter 22 Governments and Laws
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Governments and Laws
Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws.

32. Private Efforts and Cooperation
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Private Efforts and Cooperation
Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals.

33. Conservation Case Study: The Everglades
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Conservation Case Study: The Everglades
The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States.

34. Your Role in the Environment
Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Your Role in the Environment
No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate.
Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role.

35. Section 3 Environmental Solutions
Chapter 22
Recycling

36. Chapter 22 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is the term for the parts of Earth where water is located?
A. biosphere
B. geosphere
C. atmosphere
D. hydrosphere

37. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following is the term for the parts of Earth where water is located?
A. biosphere
B. geosphere
C. atmosphere
D. hydrosphere

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. What is the term for the natural ability of Earth’s atmosphere to trap energy from the sun?
F. global warming
G. ozone depletion
H. greenhouse effect
J. biological magnification

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. What is the term for the natural ability of Earth’s atmosphere to trap energy from the sun?
F. global warming
G. ozone depletion
H. greenhouse effect
J. biological magnification

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What does Earth’s ozone layer shield its inhabitants from?
A. solar heating
B. meteor impacts
C. ozone depletion
D. ultraviolet radiation

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What does Earth’s ozone layer shield its inhabitants from?
A. solar heating
B. meteor impacts
C. ozone depletion
D. ultraviolet radiation

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following groups of organisms contains the largest estimated number of species?
F. birds
G. plants
H. insects
J. mammals

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following groups of organisms contains the largest estimated number of species?
F. birds
G. plants
H. insects
J. mammals

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What term describes a measure of the number of species in an area?
A. species richness
B. species evenness
C. bioindicator species
D. biological magnification

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. What term describes a measure of the number of species in an area?
A. species richness
B. species evenness
C. bioindicator species
D. biological magnification

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph below to answer question 6. The graph below shows trends in two global measurements over several decades.

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What is the term commonly used to describe the trend shown in this graph?
F. water pollution
G. global warming
H. ozone depletion
J. biodiversity crisis

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
6. What is the term commonly used to describe the trend shown in this graph?
F. water pollution
G. global warming
H. ozone depletion
J. biodiversity crisis

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
7. thinning of ozone layer : chlorofluorocarbons :: biological magnification :
A. pesticides
B. wastewater
C. carbon dioxide
D. greenhouse gases

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
7. thinning of ozone layer : chlorofluorocarbons :: biological magnification :
A. pesticides
B. wastewater
C. carbon dioxide
D. greenhouse gases

51. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the table below to answer question 8. The table below compares the measurements of two environmental factors for the populations of three countries.

52. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. Which country produces the greatest amount of garbage per square mile?
F. Japan
G. Indonesia
H. United States
J. They all produce the same amounts.

53. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
8. Which country produces the greatest amount of garbage per square mile?
F. Japan
G. Indonesia
H. United States
J. They all produce the same amounts.

54. Chapter 22 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
The term biodiversity can be used in several ways.
Explain two measures of biodiversity.

55. Short Response, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
The term biodiversity can be used in several ways.
Explain two measures of biodiversity.
Answer: There are two measures of biodiversity. The first measure is species diversity and the second is genetic diversity. Species diversity measures the number of unique species within an area, or species richness, and the relative number of individuals of each species in an area, or species evenness. The genetic diversity measures the amount of genetic differences that exist within a population.

56. Chapter 22 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
Imagine that your local government has asked for citizen input to plan for the future use of a currently roadless area that is near a body of water. Some citizens would like a new mall to be built there, and some citizens would like the area to be made into a public park.
Part A Make a table of the possible problems or benefits that could result from each option.
Part B Write a letter to the local government that expresses your opinion about this issue and explains your reasons for that opinion.

57. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 22
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Answers may vary, but should be presented in the form of a table. The table should compare possible problems and benefits that might result from each decision option.
Part B Answers may vary, but should be presented in the form of a letter. The letter should clearly advocate for one option and support each point with factual information and/or examples that were listed in part A.