Translation Tutorial Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse. Start from the beginning Transcription review The Genetic Code Transfer RNA Performing the Process Review Questions Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.

Translation ribosome ribosome ribosome Translation takes place at the ribosome and it’s the process of the ribosomes creating proteins from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the ribosome? Let’s review. next

Transcription Review BACK CELL NUCEUS ribosome A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. next NEXT

Transcription Review BACK CELL NUCEUS AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA ribosome NEXT A process called transcription starts in the nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase splits the DNA molecule. Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the open DNA molecule. Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now, the process of translation will begin. next next

Translation Process BACK ribosome The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon. Each codon will match for the delivery of a specific amino acid. Remember that amino acids link together to create a single protein. Click to see the codons It took scientists many years of experimentation to learn which codon creates which amino acid. next

BACK The Genetic Code Find AUG… This code calls for the delivery of the amino acid called methionine. Give it a click. This table is the same for almost every organism on Earth. In the chart above, click on the “AUG” codon.

BACK AUG codon Find CCA… This code calls for the delivery of the amino acid called proline. Give it a click. Whenever an AUG codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the chart says “start codon” below methionine? This also means that the codon AUG will activate the ribosome to start the process of making a protein. Click on the CCA codon.

BACK CCA codon Find the Stop Codons… These codes tells the ribosome to stop making a protein. Give one a click. Whenever a CCA codon is read by the ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be delivered to the ribosome. This process will continue until a “Stop codon” is read by the ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a protein is finished. Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

Transfer RNA Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. BACK Amino Acid serine Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop making a protein. So who…or what…is delivering these amino acids? In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA). tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and deliver it to the ribosome. next Amino acid proline next Amino Acid methionine next next

Examine the chart on your handout. Find the AUG code. AUG = methionine Watching the Process BACK The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan next methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine Examine the chart on your handout. Find the AUG code. AUG = methionine 1st codon ribosome

Watching the Process BACK The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan next methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine ribosome

Examine the chart on your handout. Find the CCA code. CCA = proline Watching the Process BACK The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to the ribosome? Hint: Examine the Genetic Code chart on your handout to find the 1st codon. choices Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off methionine and the ribosome moves to the next codon. phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan Click on the next amino acid to be delivered. methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino acid methionine Examine the chart on your handout. Find the CCA code. CCA = proline 2nd codon ribosome

BACK Watching the Process Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. next Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine next isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino acid methionine ribosome

Watching the Process BACK Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the ribosome. Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine next isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid proline Amino acid methionine ribosome

Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAU code. UAU = tyrosine Watching the Process BACK Click on the amino acid which will be the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid next leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAU code. UAU = tyrosine ribosome

Examine the chart on your handout. Find the GGC code. GGC = glycine BACK Watching the Process Click on the amino acid which will the 3rd delivered to the ribosome. Examine the chart on your handout. Find the GGC code. GGC = glycine Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves down a notch. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine Click on the amino acid that will be 4th delivered. isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid tyrosine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline ribosome

Watching the Process BACK Yep… GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE. Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome. Now what happens? next choices DNA helix splits mRNA reads the DNA tRNA exits phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine This already happened. This already happened. valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAA code. UAA = stop codon Watching the Process BACK You got it! Examine the next codon and click the proper choice from the table below. choices phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid leucine proline glutamine cysteine isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Amino Acid glycine Examine the chart on your handout. Find the UAA code. UAA = stop codon Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine ribosome

BACK Watching the Process STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and mRNA will break apart. How many amino acids long is this finished protein? Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine One choices Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine phenylalanine serine histidine Glutamic acid Two leucine proline glutamine cysteine Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine Three isoleucine threonine asparagine tryptophan methionine alanine lysine arginine Four Correct valine tyrosine Aspartic acid glycine Stop codon Five Just count em up. Methionine, proline, tyrosine, glycine Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine Amino Acid glycine ribosome

BACK Amino acid methionine Amino Acid proline Amino Acid tyrosine Amino Acid glycine 1 2 3 4 This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In reality, they are often thousands of amino acids in size. This finished protein will now by used by the cell or exported by which organelle of the cell? Creates ATP molecules mitochondria Good memory Golgi body Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell Chloroplast Performs photosynthesis to make sugar

Final Review BACK Review #1: Which process creates the mRNA that is read by the ribosome? Replication Transcription Translation You got it. This process creates more DNA This process creates proteins

Final Review Review #2: What does tRNA deliver to the ribosome? BACK DNA holds the information to make a protein Proteins are the final product. What are their smaller parts called? mRNA DNA Amino acids Proteins mRNA contains the codes needed to make a protein You got it.

Final Review BACK Review #3: Which molecule directly determines which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the ribosome? The nucleus only stores the DNA This molecule indirectly holds the code to make an amino acid Messenger RNA DNA RNA Polymerase The Nucleus This enzyme splits DNA during transcription You got it.

BACK Final Review Review #4: Where does the process of translation take place? This is where transcription happens You got it. Inside the nucleus Inside the Golgi body At the ribosome Inside the vacuole This is where proteins go before they are exported from the cell The vacuole holds food and water

BACK Final Review Review #5: If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC, perform transcription to determine the mRNA code. DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C AAG-TTA-CCG TTC-AAT-GGC DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C You got it. AAG-UUA-CCG DNA A with RNA U DNA T with RNA A DNA C with RNA G DNA G with RNA C UUG-TTA-UCG

BACK Final Review Review #6: If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which three amino acids are going to be delivered to the ribosome? LYSINE – CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE You got it. LYSINE – LEUCINE - PROLINE SERINE – METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID

I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout I hope this tutorial was helpful. Turn in your handout. Feel free to start over if you would like to do some review. BACK

-UUA-CCG AAG I will help you get started. The first codon is AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will deliver. return